tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-15181714266107051932024-03-14T22:47:36.118+08:00Africa – Axis and Allied Equipment and Personnel in the Desert.Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.comBlogger152125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-36283718713353020842017-12-31T21:09:00.000+08:002017-09-24T21:48:33.383+08:00Africa – Axis and Allied Forces<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The North African desert war
highlighted another British vulnerability: its reliance on Egypt and the Suez
Canal to reach its Asian interests, including food and raw materials from south
and southeast Asia and oil from Persia (Iran) and Arabia. Threatening Suez
meant threatening Britain’s ability to hold its own and keep fighting. But the
desert war exposed major weaknesses in the Italian part of the Axis equation
and also in blitzkrieg warfare itself, which proved inadequate over the long
empty spaces of Libya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The struggle began in September 1940
with an attack from Libya into Egypt by the Italian army, a large but
ill-trained and immobile force with obsolescent tanks and aircraft. The British
had fewer troops and offered only modest resistance, but the Italians halted
after 60 miles to resupply and never resumed their advance. Britain scraped
together additional troops, including some armor, for a “5-day raid” that
turned into a major offensive. In 61 days the Desert Army advanced 500 miles
along the coastal roads of the great hump of Libya, captured 130,000 Italian
prisoners and mountains of supplies, occupied the key port of Tobruk, and pushed
the Italians past Benghazi.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Two events conspired to reverse
things. Churchill— alarmed that Hitler had drawn Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria,
and Yugoslavia into the Axis orbit and was preparing to help Mussolini in
Greece and Crete—ordered troops from North Africa to Greece, a move that failed
to hold Greece but weakened the Desert Army. Hitler meanwhile sent Erwin Rommel
with two crack panzer divisions and air support to bolster Italy in Libya. Ever
bold, Rommel immediately counterattacked, using vigorous flanking movements to
retake all the ground just lost and more, except for Tobruk, which grimly held.
In April 1941, having reached Egypt but with his fuel running low and defenses
stiffening, Rommel halted.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Britain took the field again in late
1941 with a new commander, an infusion of Lend-Lease equipment, and fresh
divisions. Rommel retreated to a point west of Benghazi, but the Desert Army,
weakened by its own supply problems and the diversion of forces to the Far East
to face Japan, could not follow through. Rommel was now avid to seize Suez, and
he was confident that he could outmaneuver the British on the southern end of
their defensive positions and stop their counterattacks by using the vaunted
88-mm antiaircraft gun as an antitank weapon. He therefore went on the
offensive, grinding out a major advance and finally taking Tobruk.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The British stopped the bleeding
only after fierce fighting at El Alamein, mere miles from Alexandria. The stage
was thus set for the sixth and final push in this strange seesaw war. This
began on October 23, 1942, when the British 8th Army, newly christened and
under yet another commander (Bernard Law Montgomery), jumped off for an
offensive that would ultimately clear Libya of Axis troops.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Desert War revealed some hard truths
about armored warfare. Because the vehicles consumed fuel that had to be hauled
to the front, blitzkrieg worked best over short distances, as in Poland or
France. Over North African distances, the system did not work; the result was a
“rubber band” effect whereby armies stretched their supply lines to the
breaking point and then “snapped back” to their original position. Also,
blitzkrieg worked in Europe partly by sowing mass confusion among civilians,
who clogged the roads and prevented mobilization and movement. In a thinly
populated region such as North Africa, this did not happen, leaving enemy
communications and transportation strained but intact. And the Germans enjoyed
air superiority in Europe but not in the desert, partly because the Luftwaffe
was busy attacking the island of Malta.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rommel was a tactical but not a
strategic or logistical genius. He did not have the strength or supplies to
seize and hold the Canal or link with German forces in Russia, and most General
Staff officers did not want him to try. In making the attempt, he exposed the
entire Axis position on the African continent.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718113600/http:/www.topedge.com/panels/ww2/na/noframe.html"><span style="color: blue;">LINK</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718113600/http:/www.battlefront.com/products/cmak/biblio.html"><span style="color: blue;">LINK</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barnett, Corelli, <i>The Desert
General</i>s (London, 1983)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;">
<i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;">Rommel’s North Africa Campaign:
September 1940-November 1942 </span></i><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , serif; font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>by Jack Greene, Alessandro Massignani.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-74643304993540928752017-09-24T21:43:00.001+08:002017-09-24T21:47:33.008+08:00Wargame AAR - INVASION MALTA<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpK7KbZfD0ZoBbt0mOcvzRe6kRL-tnF1EpxDu4fU1ecdjj_l4afitmWPhZzquRnhAev4w4vblkh8011gPHUhzXMeprD2x3iunwQYISORXzJyDETcWPY-R26RAgDLKJMjYKoqTrCl1Bzk22/s1600/Malta+1942.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="768" data-original-width="620" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpK7KbZfD0ZoBbt0mOcvzRe6kRL-tnF1EpxDu4fU1ecdjj_l4afitmWPhZzquRnhAev4w4vblkh8011gPHUhzXMeprD2x3iunwQYISORXzJyDETcWPY-R26RAgDLKJMjYKoqTrCl1Bzk22/s400/Malta+1942.jpg" width="322" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">(History Written)<br />
Edited and Umpired by Gregor Whiley</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
INVASION MALTA</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Orders of Battle</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Commonwealth Forces</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Valetta Command</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(1/1C) Malta #1</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(2/ 1C) Malta #2</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(3/ 1C) 1st British Brigade</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(4/1C) 1st Coastal Defence</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Southwest Command</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(1/2C) 2nd British Brigade</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(2/2C) 2nd Coastal Defence</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(3/2C) 3rd British Brigade</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(4/2C) 3rd Coastal Defence</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Northern Command</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(1/3C) 4th British Brigade</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(2/3C) 4th Coastal Defence</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Axis Forces</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>7th Fljgr Division</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(1/ 1A) 1st/7th Fljg</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(2/ 1A) 2nd/7th Fljg</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(3/ lA) 186th/Folgore</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(4/ 1A) 187th/Folgore</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Friuli Division</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(1/2A) 11th/Friuli</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(2/2A) 12th Friuli</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(3/2A) Special Assault</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(4/2A) 125th Spza</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Liv/Aset Divisions</b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(1/3A) 33rd/Liv</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(2/3A) 34th/Liv</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(3/3A) 29th/Aset</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
(4/3A) 30th/Aset</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The parenthesized numbers can be used to identify the
various formations on the situation maps.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The British island bastion of Malta was the key to the
Mediterranean theatre. If it fell, Axis troops in North Africa could be
supplied almost without hindrance and the British would be reduced to impotent
and vulnerable enclaves at Gibraltar and Alexandria. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
With this in mind, OKW, the German high command,
commissioned a complete staff study for the invasion of Malta. To do this they
used a brilliant simulation system called Kampifront which had been devised by
one of their staff officers. Not unsurprisingly, the officer who did best at
these contests was Colonel Keating, the creator of the system. He was, in a
typical display of Teutonic thoroughness, immediately declared the best man for
the job, promoted to General on the spot and packed off to Sicily on the next
available Ju-52 to take charge of the invasion. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Meanwhile, the best (the term is relative) British brains
had not been lying idle. Over a roast beef dinner in the club one night,
Viscount Power, Malta's commander, explained his plans for the island's
defence. With the island of Malta represented by a dinner plate, his fixed
positions (button mushrooms) would defend against Axis seaborne invaders (thick
brown gravy) as they washed ashore. German paratroops (salt and pepper
sprinkles) would be surrounded and then overrun as the mobile Commonwealth
forces (horse radish sauce) flung the survivors back onto the coastal defenders
(the surviving mushrooms) and sealed their fate. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Viscount's audience could not fail to be impressed, and
the plan, code named Well Done was cooked up straight away. When the mysterious
Captain Crummond of the British Secret Service swam ashore one night with a
complete set of the German invasion plans, victory seemed assured. The Germans
would be done like a dinner! The first paratroops would hit the ground on the
evening of March 23rd. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tum 4 (Night/Mar 23) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. Paras land at strategic points. Most stay where they
are but 4/ lA are sent east to consolidate positions just around Krendi
airfield. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. The only troops on the board are the
divisional HQs. The HQ for 3C finds itself in the middle of an enemy drop zone
and moves east at full speed. Results. All quiet. With the initial drop made,
it is appropriate to review the player's strategies. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Commonwealth Plan. Viscount Power foresaw three key
elements. Crush the Germans paratroopers at Takali, hold them at Luqa and then
take the victors from Takali and meet the Italians on the southwest beach as
they struggled ashore. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Axis Plan. General Keating would not strike directly at
Valetta with his parachutists. Instead, those landing at Takali and Luqa would
remain on the defensive, while the rest turned south to deal with the beach
defenders from behind. The sea landing troops must have a clear beach to land
on. The two key elements of Keating's plans are to capture the southwestern
beach de fences and resupply his paras. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Turn 5 (AM/Mar 24) </b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhowNDMW-H5_OAm06mAu7ziTTFmBWBBSIGQ5AqEbTmXlVv1AvxqYvuBaLcvPr2GlvIVVJQfsauqLmJk9K9wtLSuybdPvGNMzhTwhinbx3oAYgwOD7NJ_uldTprKyfeo-jjlz4AoUmsw5zw5/s1600/mapa.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1122" data-original-width="1600" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhowNDMW-H5_OAm06mAu7ziTTFmBWBBSIGQ5AqEbTmXlVv1AvxqYvuBaLcvPr2GlvIVVJQfsauqLmJk9K9wtLSuybdPvGNMzhTwhinbx3oAYgwOD7NJ_uldTprKyfeo-jjlz4AoUmsw5zw5/s400/mapa.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg69W8xLt_LC3wQIHpSgrZzCvt4gkUBeK6knSWtPikG5Im7KwICD_wpD_rweHekcc1l2YFK5DBG0Pnnq-uEE_8G9uxZLHtBZETjwQc_9ELCCFhkYYRHvfDPfJ1e6eRhaj6MFRI0BTnxmIU1/s1600/nhghn.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="960" data-original-width="715" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg69W8xLt_LC3wQIHpSgrZzCvt4gkUBeK6knSWtPikG5Im7KwICD_wpD_rweHekcc1l2YFK5DBG0Pnnq-uEE_8G9uxZLHtBZETjwQc_9ELCCFhkYYRHvfDPfJ1e6eRhaj6MFRI0BTnxmIU1/s320/nhghn.jpg" width="238" /></a> </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Examine Situation Map A </i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. All regiments conduct probe or prepare attacks on the
British troops still reacting to their presence except 4/ 1A, which has spotted
a lone British tank unit in the village of Krendi, and moves in for the kill
with an exploit. The fact that the unit is only a small force invited this
attention, and heavy air support has been allocated to the attack. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. This is the first chance Viscount Power has
had to react. 1/1C is sent to attack Takali, 2/1 C is sent to Zebbuj preparatory
to driving south, 3/1 C goes to Luqa and 4/1C to Kirkup. Elements of 2C are
already in contact around Luqa; those regiments not yet in contact are sent to
Luqa and Kirkup to form a defensive line running roughly North - South. The two
regiments from 3C are sent straight to Takali to increase the weight of numbers
there. In accordance with Viscount Power's original plan, there are now four
Commonwealth regiments at or on the way to Takali. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Results. The unsuspecting tank battalion is killed in one
blow but other Axis attacks are inconclusive. Commonwealth troops pour out of
Valetta and the eastern beaches in accordance with the Power Plan.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tum 6 (Noon/Mar 24) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. General Keating has noticed the large weight of troops
headed towards Takali but will not change his plan. The defenders there will
just have to tough it out. 1/1A is at Luqa and assaulting the British defenders
there. 3/1A got the short straw at Takali and is defending desperately. To
toughen it up, and hopefully punish its attackers, General Keating allocates
heavy air support. 2/1A and 4/1A move to clean up pockets of resistance around
Krendi. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. Many British units are still not in total
contact with the enemy and some have to be content with Probe or Support orders
in order to concentrate. However, the defenders at Takali are surrounded and an
Assault goes in. Results. The Axis assault with heavy air support at Luqa
causes heavy losses to the defenders. The static 3.7" AA units defending
Luqa airfield decide that emulating 88s is not as glamorous at it may have
seemed and rout. The British attack at Takali is stopped cold by the gallant
3/1A (mit Luftwaffe).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tum 7 (PM/Mar 24) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. Having cleaned things up a bit and ensured an open
supply line to 1/1A, 2/1A and 4/1A turn their attentions to the easternmost
beach de fender. 1/1A continues the attack in the north while 3/1A defends
grimly, again with air support. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. The attacks on the stubborn defenders at
Takali continue, three all told this turn; elsewhere all troops are on the
defensive. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Results. The Axis attacks at the beach fail, but so do the
attacks at Takali, again courtesy of the Luftwaffe. Viscount Power was not
amused. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Not only had the Luftwaffe dumped whole plane loads of
paratroopers over his otherwise unspoilt island, but they had the damned cheek
to come back, dropping bombs and things and spoiling perfectly good set piece
attacks. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Much more of this and Power's plans will be in jeopardy.
Power at last becomes aware of the general intent of Keating's plan and
realizes that he has no men as yet in a position to assist the beachhead
defenders. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tum 8 (Night/Mar 24) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There were two night attacks, delivered. One by the British
at Takali caused light casualties and the other by the Germans on the
beach-front caused no casualties. Both however, were intended to deprive hard
pressed troops of the sleep that they undoubtedly needed. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After the first day General Keating felt matters were going
to plan. The defenders at Takali were in reasonable shape, although one unit
had 30% casualties. Keating felt that they could hang on until day 4 with only
one or two KIAs, a price he felt was acceptable. The beach defenders would be
prised out with low level attacks and lots of air support. The situation which
Keating most feared, a drive south straight through to the beach had not
materialized. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Viscount Power felt that his initial plan was not working.
He had not anticipated either the effectiveness of the Takali defence nor the
intrusion of the Luftwaffe. He felt that he might not be able to make it to the
beaches as called for by his plan. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Turn 9 (AM/Mar 25) </b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUQFvTYelhhm7pn32Z_UvqZcKHOIsV2K9dda5-15cbGrCuXj9lGzB_iYha-wKnQcgQ-HVCrxc-FoQx22gvbq3ZTAG1yD4gXYBVGgZDmnG1a4shPX9P8NsKnMz2jiG6artIVxS1RLwbSRzs/s1600/mapb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1117" data-original-width="1600" height="278" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhUQFvTYelhhm7pn32Z_UvqZcKHOIsV2K9dda5-15cbGrCuXj9lGzB_iYha-wKnQcgQ-HVCrxc-FoQx22gvbq3ZTAG1yD4gXYBVGgZDmnG1a4shPX9P8NsKnMz2jiG6artIVxS1RLwbSRzs/s400/mapb.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Examine Situation Map B </i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. The attacks on the beaches continue and a pesky
British straggler which is cutting supply to 1/1Aat Luqa is also targeted. 1/1Aassaults
at Luqa. The initial elements of 2A are due this tum and the beach defences are
still intact. 2A will be sacrificed if necessary to ensure that 3A gets ashore
un scathed. Supply is still a worry. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. Assaults continue at Takali and at Luqa,
defense elsewhere. Casualties are low but there are some units at Takali who have
been in minor combat with the paras and could do with a rest. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Results. The British take medium losses at Luqa and inflict
a similar result at Takali. There are no losses on the beach but two British
units rout at Takali. These units were assets from 3C, and should have been
taken out of the battle before this. One started the tum with 40% casualties
and ended with 80%. It will now be virtually useless for the rest of the game.
(It is imperative to check the condition of division assets at all times in the
game.) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">T. 10 (Noon/Mar 25) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. 1/1A is forced onto the defensive through lack of
supply, caused by that one stubborn British unit. General Keating is annoyed
but is relieved by the fact that the blockage is one battalion and not two
regiments! In any case, the blocker has been whittled down and 2/1A will
exploit in order to remove the unsightly obstruction to the supply lines.
Assaults also continue at the beaches. 3/2A. despite having landed in the
middle of a defended minefield, is pressed straight into the attack. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. Viscount Power feels compelled to modify his
original plan. Despairing of going through the de fenders of Takali he decides to
go around them and orders 1/1C to pull back in order to drive directly south.
The other units continue to attack at Takali and also at Luqa, working on the
principle that even the Luftwaffe can't be everywhere at once. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Results. The plucky supply blocker is KIA'd. The defenders
at Takali take medium losses but two more British attackers rout. The attackers
on the beach take heavy losses without inflicting any but the pressure of
numbers tells, and one beach defender finally routs. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The situation at Takali is very instructive. After the tum
on which Power scaled down his attack, the casualties of the defenders read 0,
10, 20, 30 and 70%. The pressure was finally beginning to tell, with the
defenders out of supply from the moment they landed. Power abandoned his plan
too soon.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tum 11 (PM/Mar 25) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. Supply for 1A is still poor and all regiments are forced
onto the defensive. 3 /2A on the beach is also in very poor shape but together
with 1/2A it ordered to attack. Clear the beach or get off it is the order of
the day. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. Attacks continue at Luqa, but no attacks are
made at Takali. The regiment that was pulled out is still tangled up and not in
a position to fight. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Results. The Axis and British swap medium losses at Luqa. An
Axis defender at Takali finally routs. The British on the beach suffer no
losses but 3 Axis battalions rout. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">T. 12 (Night/Mar 25) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Each side makes one-night attack each, with no result apart
from the aforementioned lack of sleep. 1/1C, now disengaged, gets caught up in
the fighting at Luqa and will not be available for the beach fighting.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
It seems appropriate to review the situation at the end of
day 2. The British troops are in reasonable shape and have inflicted quite a
few casualties. The Axis 1A is in poor shape with 3/1A cut up and surrounded at
Takali and 1/1A and 4/1A down to about half strength, although their surviving
battalions are in good shape. Regimental supply is poor in every case. 2A has
already taken 3 KIAs and 1/2A and 3/1A have significant losses. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Things look bad for the Axis. However, General Keating is
prepared to sacrifice all of 2A if necessary. He feels that 1A can hang on
where it is while the beach is cleared. If 3A gets ashore unhindered he expects
it to be unstoppable. While Viscount Power's men are in good shape they are not
in the right place, and there doesn't seem to be anything that he can do, at
this moment, to stop the Axis getting ashore. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tum 13 (AM/Mar 26) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. It is time to get serious with the beach defenders,
regardless of the state of the attacking troops. Three assaults are ordered
with all available air points. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. Probes are ordered for Takali, in an effort to
keep up the pressure and also to distract Axis attention from the beach. 3/1C is
ordered into reserve to recover. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Results. The Axis take a series of losses in
their beach attack but KIA one defender. There are also heavy Axis losses at
Takali. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">T. 14 (Noon/Mar 26) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. 1A remains on the defensive and 4/1A, having done all
it can at the beach, is rested. All four regiments from 2A attack the beach
defenders.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. Poor supply at Takali causes Power to break
off the attack, just when sustained pressure may have achieved results. Limited
attacks continue. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Results. British attacks at Luqa are inconclusive. A router
from each side makes good its escape from the fighting at Takali.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tum 15 (PM/Mar 26) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. Three regiments from 2A continue to assault the last
defender on the beach. 2/1A is in perfect shape and continues to keep the
Allies honest at Luqa. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. Limited attacks continue at Takali, and
another regiment is rested. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Results. The Axis take heavy losses at Takali but KIA the
last British beach defender. They now own the beach and the only thing between
them and the relief of Takali are the forward elements of the 1/1C which tried,
and failed, to make it to the beach. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">T. 16 (Night/Mar 26) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Viscount Power has scraped up 23 night support points from
somewhere. Nobody really knows where. Perhaps they are life expired NAAFI
rock-cakes fired from 3" mortars, perhaps he bribed the Italian Navy to
shell its own positions. In any case, in an action that might well be described
as spiteful, he hurls them all at the stubborn defenders of Takali and achieves
a KIA. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tum 17 (AM/Mar 27) </b></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Examine Situation Map C </i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Both commanders review the situation as they see it at this
point in the battle. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. General Keating is very pleased with the situation as,
at last, it is all going according to his original plan. The beach has been
secured, and 3A will get ashore without a bullet laid on them. Keating will
send 2A to the rescue of the brave men at Takali while 1A goes into reserve to
recover. 3A will take the shortest route to Valetta. General Keating's troops
have taken heavy casualties but they have got the job done. 2/1A keeps up the
assaults, to make way for 3A. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. Viscount Power readily admits that Plan A did
not work. Nor did Plan B as the regiment so detailed failed to make it to the
beach. Power does not have high hopes for the imaginatively titled Plan C,
which is to fight a delaying action and to try and hold on to Valetta. He will,
however, continue to attack at Takali, in an effort to wipe out the defenders
and to thus free up his remaining troops there. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The British keep up the attack at Takali, all other units
are either defending or in reserve. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Results. A British defender is KIA'd at Luqa and another
Axis defender bites the dust at Takali. This leaves one very brave battalion
defending the airfield. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">T. 18 (Noon/Mar 27) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. Working on the (sometimes) militarily sound
proposition that If you are in bad shape, the other guy must be even worse,
General Keating keeps up the pressure with both 1A and 2A. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. 3/1C from reserve is sent to a position just
south of Zebbuj to hold the line. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Results. Five Axis attacks result only in light casualties
for some attackers. Two British attacks at Takali are equally ineffective. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Tum 19 (PM/Mar 27) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Axis. Further attacks at Luqa, and on the impetuous British
unit strung out south of Zebbuj. A requisition for extra Iron Crosses for the
defenders at Takali is entered. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Commonwealth. Power decides to get tough at Takali and orders
two exploits against the heroic defenders. Results. British defenders at Luqa
and Zebbuj take heavy casualties. The men at Takali, who have clearly been reading
up on Rorke's Drift, hold off the British yet again. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">T. 20 (Night/Mar 27) </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
No combat took place. One Axis regiment was ordered on the
road to tour the objectives in the south east to pick up valuable points. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">The Last Days </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There is little of excitement to relate from here until the
end. The last defenders of Takali finally fell, still awaiting rescue or the
return of the Luftwaffe. Their medals never made it either, the requisition
being canceled by an Untergruppenfuehrer who felt that it would be a waste of Army
resources to send the medals to recipients who would not be around to receive
them. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The British had no option but to put bodies in the way of
the Germans and hope to hold on to Valetta and Conspicua, the two high value
objectives at the northern end of the Island. The Axis obviously had to grind
it out and remove the obstacles between them and the same objectives. Keating's
only choice was how many men to do it with. Keating elected to keep almost all
his troops in the field, hoping to swamp the defenders by sheer weight of
numbers. Whether this was the most correct course is something that we will
discuss. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Examine Situation Map D </i></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As you can see on the final map, General Keating did not
capture Valetta, thanks to some last ditch defence from those valiant British
troops that survived to the end. General Keating did, however, capture Conspicua
and the 150 point swing was enough to give him the game. Had Viscount Power
retained both Valetta and Conspicua, then he would have won the game. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Analysis </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
There are some useful lessons to be learnt from this battle
which will stand you in good stead whenever you play a Battlefront scenario. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Strategy. Keating's strategy would seem to be correct,
especially as he ended up winning. His strategic priority, right from the
start, was to clear the beach and allow his 3rd division to land unmolested.
When Keating achieved this he had essentially won the game. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Power's overall assessment of the situation was also
correct, as he intended to tie Keating up on the beach. His choice of methods
to do this was questionable. Power expected to be able to overrun the paras at Takali
in two days. However, the paras were elite troops and would be at their
strongest when they landed. This and the Luftwaffe were enough to hold Power
up. His second plan, which involved a smaller attacking force at Takali and a
push straight to the beach, should have been his first. The smaller forces
would have tied up the paras just as well, and most importantly, cut them off
from supply. Without supply they would slowly deteriorate and be much easier to
pick off later. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Paradoxically, Power switched to Plan B just as Plan A was
finally about to work. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Since the troops withdrawn from the attack still didn't make
it to the beach, getting caught up again in the fighting, Power was caught
changing horses in midstream. Sometimes it is better to persevere with an
original plan, accepting that there will be some performance penalty, rather
than to try alternatives which only make things worse. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Tactically, Keating had a better appreciation of qualities
of his troops. There are two ways to remove opponents, the hard way and the
easy way. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The hard way means exposing your troops to the shot and
shell of the enemy. The easy way is to cut your enemies line of supply, wait
until he runs out of shot and shell, and then get him. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Keating did not have any chance of cutting Power's supply,
as Power could arrange his HQs anywhere in the hinterland. However, Keating was
very much aware of the opportunities Power had and moved firmly to remove them. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Although Keating wanted very much to start removing the
beach defenders, he spent all of the first day removing British units between
the beach and Luqa airfield, which were threatening his supply line. If the men
at Luqa were also out of supply, then Power's attacks on that flank would have
been much more effective. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Keating did make one mistake, electing to make his attacks
in the final phase of the battle with all his troops. He would have been better
served by rotating his troops in and out of reserve. If there are too many
attackers they just get in each other’s way. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By the same token, Power's marshaling of the cooks, clerks
and wine waiters in the final defence of Valetta was excellent. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
To summarize, Keating had a good plan which he implemented
well. Power had a not quite so good plan, which he abandoned prematurely and
his alternative plan did not work. Even so, it was very close at the end, and
Power's just-in-time defence almost saved the day.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-1810375474759898172016-10-26T16:09:00.001+08:002016-10-26T16:09:35.585+08:00Luftwaffe und Rommel - Afrika Kommen<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjFPPpDXl24D99-Vh8s7Y0RlTEMia3h4YDWcBooUCUJQzTsNv32I96mWgku1MOKAwBE9GTBhjsWYV4hudsZQNED8Ay3-35X0NW1tGRiJV4Lt6vkNf25AjZ64VZxxaN_lIeW7oVWNnQkxAr/s1600/361a5db6d99d8c6596a0aeb8c1f868c1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="285" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjFPPpDXl24D99-Vh8s7Y0RlTEMia3h4YDWcBooUCUJQzTsNv32I96mWgku1MOKAwBE9GTBhjsWYV4hudsZQNED8Ay3-35X0NW1tGRiJV4Lt6vkNf25AjZ64VZxxaN_lIeW7oVWNnQkxAr/s400/361a5db6d99d8c6596a0aeb8c1f868c1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<i><b>Messerschmidt BF.110D-1s in flight off the coast of North Africa.</b></i><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<i><b> </b></i><br />
<style type="text/css">p { margin-bottom: 0.25cm; line-height: 120%; }</style>
<br />
On 14 February 1941 a new and more aggressive enemy appeared in
the skies above Libya, the first twin-engined Messerschmidt Bf 110C
heavy fighters of the Fliegerkorps X startling the thin-skinned
armoured cars of the King's Dragoon Guards on reconnaissance forward
of El Agheila. In fact German aircraft had been operating in Libya
since January, but their numbers grew dramatically during the first
two months of the year. The persistence of the Luftwaffe pilots in
pressing home their attacks came as something of a shock for the
British accustomed to the Regia Aeronautica. Private Harry Buckledee
recorded the effect of a German air attack on British Marmon
Harrington armoured cars:<br />
<br />
One afternoon . . . I saw three [Me] 110s attack one of our
troops, and in about two or three minutes they had destroyed all
three cars. Our troop was sent to their assistance. I was anxious as
I knew my mate, Lance Corporal Bob Ramshaw, from West Stanley,
Durham, who had joined up the same day as me, was in that troop. All
but two of the crews were dead or wounded. Bob was badly wounded but
recovered from his wounds, although he had a leg amputated.<br />
<br />
By late February near-daily Luftwaffe attacks had made Benghazi
unusable as a port, forcing 13th Corps to rely for its supplies on
the long road back to Tobruk and thence via sea or land to Egypt. HMS
Dainty, bringing in stores to Tobruk, was sunk by Stukas on 24
February. These unwelcome events heralded the arrival of a small
German land force – part of Operation Sonnenblume (Sunflower) –
designed to insert backbone into the Italian defence of Tripolitania.
The commander of this force, the newly promoted Lieutenant General
Erwin Rommel, arrived in Tripoli by the ubiquitous Junkers Ju 52
transport plane – distinctive as much for its three motors as for
its square, corrugated sides – from Rome via Catania in Sicily at
midday on 12 February 1941. Flying at low level across the
Mediterranean, Rommel noted a constant stream of Junkers crossing in
the opposite direction, the aircraft having deposited supplies for
the Fliegerkorps X build-up in Tripoli.<br />
<br />
On 11 January, much against his will and following the disasters
at Sidi Barrani and Bardia, a humbled Duce was forced to accept the
offer of a German light (motorized) division to support the
reinforcements that the Italians were even then shipping to Libya.
These included the 132nd Ariete (‘Ram’) Armoured Division, with
its complement of 6,949 men, 163 tanks (only 70 of which were the
M13, the remainder the puny L3), 36 field guns and 61 anti-tank guns.<br />
<br />
The original plan of the German armed forces high command, the OKW
(Oberkommando der Wehrmacht), was for Rommel's single light division
to act as a Sperrverband (blocking formation) to prevent any further
British advance towards Tripoli. But the 5th Division was in fact
much more powerful than its British equivalent. It consisted of the
5th Panzer Regiment (three panzer battalions each with forty Mark III
and Mark IV tanks) together with the 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion
with armoured cars, a machine-gun regiment (again with three
battalions), a battalion of the 75th Artillery Regiment and an
anti-tank (Panzerjäger) regiment equipped with a mixture of mobile
20-millimetre cannons and the powerful 88-millimetre anti-aircraft/
tank gun. The 5th Light Division was, with 9,300 men, 130 tanks, 111
guns and 2,000 vehicles, a powerful formation, all the more so when
led by a determined and capable commander. Hitler had insisted that
Italian mechanized forces also come under Rommel's command, although
Rommel himself was nominally subordinate to the Italian
commander-in-chief in North Africa.<br />
<br />
Erwin Rommel's orders were to stabilize the front and prevent the
British from humiliating Mussolini any more than they had already
done, by ensuring that Tripoli did not fall. He had received his
orders a mere six days before his arrival in Libya from the Fuhrer
and Field Marshal von Brauchitsch, the Wehrmacht commander-in-chief,
in Berlin. Hitler showed Rommel British illustrated magazines
describing Wavell's humbling of the 10th Italian Army in Cyrenaica.
Sidi Barrani, Capuzzo, Bardia, Tobruk, Derna and Barce had fallen,
and now Benghazi was threatened. The Italians were in no mental state
to resist the British. Panic had set in among the troops in their
haste to escape the British advance, and Tripoli was full of staff
officers with packed suitcases seeking a quick exit back to Italy.<br />
<br />
Rommel was an extraordinarily good choice for this command. ‘I
picked him,’ remarked Hitler, ‘because he knows how to inspire
his troops.’ This was true, although to a man his subordinate
commanders and staff officers hated him, in part because of the
demands he placed on them, and also because of his refusal to accept
any attitude or behaviour on the battlefield that did not display the
same thrusting aggression as his own. Not yet fifty years old, he was
fit, highly motivated and experienced, having successfully commanded
the 7th Panzer Division only months before during the invasion of
France and prior to that in Poland. He was imbued with a personal
dynamism and driving energy that set him apart from most of his
peers. His three tactical principles, which he had learned in the
First World War, developed through intensive study during the
interwar period (including assiduous examination of the works of
British commentators on mobile armoured warfare) and honed through
experience in Poland and France, were: shock action, preferably
against the enemy's weakest point, in which massive and overwhelming
firepower against ill-prepared opponents would shatter their will to
resist; surprise, by which the enemy would be thrown off balance by
an unexpected move; and speed, in which the sheer pace of his
operations left the enemy unable to react quickly enough to changes
on the battlefield. In all operations of war he sought to do the
unexpected, to deceive, surprise and bluff. ‘His magic word is
speed,’ wrote a fellow officer of Rommel's tactics in France,
‘boldness is his stock in trade. He shocks the enemy, takes them
unawares, overhauls them, suddenly appears far in their rear, attacks
them, outflanks them, encircles them . . .’ The Germans even had a
word for it: an enemy overwhelmed by these tactics was Gerommelt
(Rommeled).<br />
<br />
The First World War had taught Rommel that the psychological
dimension to fighting was often more important in securing
battlefield success than any other factor. If, by bold and decisive
moves accompanied by overwhelming and concentrated firepower at the
decisive point, he could persuade his enemy that all was lost, the
battle would almost certainly go his way regardless of the true state
of his forces. His personal courage in the face of the enemy was
legendary, an inspiration to his men, and while his driving energy
was often cursed, it also brought with it undoubted success, and it
was success that soldiers – his own and his enemy's – respected
more than anything else. He was undoubtedly an unusual man, and like
all men of action was not cut out for the certainties or forms of
peacetime soldiering. His intensity made him more suited to the
battlefield, particularly where full rein could be given to his
creativity. As Private Frank Harrison of the Royal Signals was to
observe with not uncritical awe, ‘One man does not make an army,
but not since Napoleon had a military commander been such a symbol of
leadership and battlefield victory over superior forces as Erwin
Rommel.’<br />
<br />
On arrival at the Castel Benito airfield outside Tripoli in the
stifling heat of the Libyan noon Rommel knew very little of the
Allied strength in North Africa. All he had to go on was what the
headlines in the British newspapers were telling him: Wavell had
launched a brilliant overwhelming attack on Italian forces in eastern
Libya, and nothing now stood between the forward British units on the
Gulf of Sirte and Tripoli. For all he knew, a further advance was
being prepared to seize Tripoli. On landing, therefore, he
immediately deluged Graziani's successor, General Garibaldi (to whom
he was, on paper at least, subordinate), with a flood of ideas to
form a defensive line in the desert anchored on the Gulf of Sirte to
block the route of a British advance on Tripoli and to allow space
for the Luftwaffe to build up its strength around the capital.
Garibaldi, who had only been in post for a day, dismissed the
impetuosity of the German with the advice: ‘Go and see for
yourself.’<br />
<br />
Rommel did so. That very afternoon he and a small number of his
staff flew by Heinkel 111 over the Gulf of Sirte, noting the Via
Balbia, the metalled road hugging the coast from Tripoli to Bardia,
built on the instructions of the late Italo Balbo, stretching out
like a long black thread into the treeless distance. The flight
confirmed Rommel in his determination to create a defence line at
Sirte, 300 miles to the east of Tripoli and 160 miles west of the
forward British positions at El Agheila. This would at least give him
the ability to resist a British attack along the coast while
collecting what armour he could muster to launch a counter-attack.<br />
<br />
The vanguard of the 5th Light Division (Major General Johannes
Streich), the 3rd Reconnaissance Battalion commanded by Major Baron
Irnfrief von Wechmar, together with the 39th Anti-Tank Battalion
(Major Jansa) arrived in Tripoli on board the Saarfeld on 14
February, although the division would not be complete until
mid-April. After disembarking his battalion from the 6,000-ton
freighter during the night, von Wechmar was briefed by Rommel and was
at Sirte by the 16th. Then, less than a week after his arrival,
Hitler agreed to double the size of Rommel's force by adding to it
the 15th Panzer Division, naming the combined force the Deutsches
Afrikakorps (more usually rendered in English as Afrika Korps). At
the same time, Mussolini having instructed his forces to fall in with
Rommel's plans, the 10th Italian Corps – comprising the Brescia and
Pavia Infantry Divisions, together with the newly arrived Ariete
Armoured Division – began also to move forward. As the troops
trickled into Tripoli over the coming six weeks, Rommel rushed them
forward. On 5 March he wrote to his wife, Lucie:<br />
<br />
<i>Dearest Lu,</i><br />
<i>Just back from a two-day journey – or rather flight – to
the front, which is now 450 miles away to the east. Everything going
fine.</i><br />
<i>A lot to do. Can't leave here for the moment as I couldn't be
answerable for my absence. Too much depends on my own person and my
driving power . . .</i><br />
<i>My troops are on their way. Speed is the one thing that matters
here.</i><br />
*<br />
<br />
For the troops of the Afrika Korps the journey by sea to Tripoli
was short but dangerous. For Sergeants Krugel and Wolff of the 15th
Motorized Infantry Battalion the crossing from Italy in early March
had been made in the Alicante, an old tramp steamer running the Royal
Navy gauntlet in the Mediterranean. Both men had been horribly ill,
and attempted to take their minds off their seasickness by standing
in the bows of the old tub looking out for mines and submarines.
Lieutenant Joachim Schorm, commander of the 6th Company of one of the
three panzer battalions arriving on the Marburg in the same convoy,
entered the relative safety of Tripoli harbour on 10 March with
considerable relief:<br />
<br />
We enter the harbour at Tripoli. We have done it! Fifteen miles
from us . . . an Italian merchant ship and two tankers were sunk by
submarines. The scene in the docks is indescribably picturesque.
Rommel and German officers in field grey, the Luftwaffe in khaki
trousers, breeches, shorts, the Italians in every conceivable uniform
. . .<br />
<br />
Schorm had reason to be jubilant at his survival as in early 1941
the Mediterranean remained a British lake. On 16 April Royal Navy
destroyers sank an entire convoy off Sfax, Tunisia, carrying elements
of the 15th Panzer Division: the 115th Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel
Schutz) and the 33rd Artillery Regiment. Three hundred and fifty men
were killed and 300 vehicles together with 3,500 tons of stores lost.
Despite these risks by the end of March 1941 some 25,000 men, 8,500
vehicles and 26,000 tons of stores had arrived safely in Tripoli in
15 convoys, with a loss of 9 German ships sunk and 9 damaged.
Nevertheless, between January and May 1941 the Germans and Italians
lost 31 ships attempting to supply the Afrika Korps in North Africa.<br />
<br />
A month later, while their tanks and other vehicles attempted the
journey by sea, a vast Luftwaffe fleet of Ju 52 transport aircraft –
208 in total – brought together for the forthcoming airborne
invasion of Crete, flew 3,500 soldiers of the 15th Panzer Division
from Sicily directly to desert airfields outside Tripoli. It was a
dangerous journey. Flying in groups of three less than a hundred feet
above the choppy waves and at a steady 150 knots the German aircraft
were easy prey for British fighters flying out of Malta. For Private
Rolf-Werner Volker it was his first ever flight and a daunting
prospect. The only safety devices were uninflated rubber life jackets
the eighteen soldiers in each plane were instructed to place over
their necks and tie around their waists. They were to inflate them
manually only if they found themselves in the sea. The Ju 52 had no
seats, the troops making themselves as comfortable as they could for
the 180-mile flight on the floor of the aircraft among their kitbags
and weapons.<br />
<br />
Völker's worst fears were realized far out over the Mediterranean
long after their Messerschmidt Bf 110 escorts had returned to Sicily.
Suddenly, above the noise of their engines they heard the hammering
of machine-gun fire. They were being attacked by British fighters.
The pilot took evasive action, sharply twisting the plane from side
to side, which threw men and equipment around the inside of the
aircraft. Clinging on grimly for their lives they could see the
British aircraft fleetingly through the windows in the fuselage, and
sought a means to fight back. Taking a Spandau MG-42 machine gun from
its packing they broke one of the windows and, feeding belt
ammunition into the weapon, blazed away at the swooping enemy
aircraft. As he did so, watching the tracer bullets from his weapon
streaming into the sky, Volker realized that other men in other
aircraft were doing the same thing: ‘I don't know whether we hit
any of them but it was good for morale to be able to shoot back and
they seemed to be backing off. Then our pilot suddenly banked and
before I could stop firing I had put several holes in our own wing.
Luckily, I didn't hit an engine or anything important.’<br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-6969408959419265092016-09-29T17:45:00.001+08:002016-09-29T17:45:06.102+08:00Wehrmacht in Tunisia I<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
In late 1942, while Rommel’s forces retreated out of Egypt and
Anglo-American forces converged on them from east and west, newly
arrived German and Italian formations were trying to shore up the
Axis presence in North Africa. The Axis had abandoned any ambition to
hold on to Libya, let alone renew the offensive into Egypt. Its
priority now was to maintain a bridgehead in Tunisia, and to keep the
two Allied advances separate and thereby force them to use double the
number of supply lines. Hitler believed this bridgehead was essential
to keeping the Allies away from Italy, and in keeping Italy in the
war.<br />
<br />
While Field Marshal Montgomery continued his somewhat stately
pursuit of Rommel in the east, the joint Allied force advancing from
the west was slowed by the mountainous terrain of northwest Africa.
Newly arrived Axis forces were thus able to establish a bridgehead
well before the Allies reached Tunisia. The first German commander on
the spot was Lieutenant General Walther Nehring. Nehring was placed
in charge of the newly formed XC Corps, later renamed the Fifth
Panzer Army, on 17 November, even though its initial strength
comprised fewer than 25,000 German and Italian troops. Nehring
countered the Allies’ initial attacks on the Tunisian bridgehead.
The time bought enabled stronger German forces under Colonel General
Hans-Jürgen von Arnim to reinforce the bridgehead. By the start of
February 1943, over 100,000 Axis troops had arrived, including three
new German army divisions and the remains of Rommel’s
German-Italian Panzer Army. Facing them along Tunisia’s Western
Dorsal were the British First Army, US II Corps and the French XIX
Corps, which consisted of Free French colonial troops from North
Africa. The Axis had temporary numerical superiority. This would
disappear, however, as soon as Montgomery’s Eighth Army arrived
from the east.<br />
<br />
The Axis forces were at the very end of a very, very precarious
supply line, across a Mediterranean Sea that the Allies now dominated
unassailably. They had to go to desperate lengths to conserve what
got through to them or what they already had. At one point, the 15th
Panzer Division had to step in to forbid its men from trading pieces
of uniform for goods from local Arabs, reminding them: ‘the uniform
is the soldier’s robe of honour, and not some civilian rags to be
chucked away’. Indeed, because Tunisia’s greater population
density threw up new day-to-day challenges, the 15th Panzer Division
produced a poem for its men fighting Allied ‘Panzers’ (tanks) the
better to ensure they avoided firing on the locals accidentally:<br />
<br />
<i>Firing in Tunisia</i><br />
<i>Can bring trouble on your head!</i><br />
<i>You might not hit a Panzer</i><br />
<i>But an Arab’s hut instead.</i><br />
<i>Wear spectacles to help you,</i><br />
<i>And make sure you’ve got the nous</i><br />
<i>To fire on a Panzer,</i><br />
<i>And not an Arab’s house.</i><br />
<br />
Rommel’s arrival in Tunisia caused friction between himself and
Arnim, a stiff old-school Prussian who was contemptuous of the Nazi
regime. Rommel, though his disillusionment with Hitler had already
begun, was Arnim’s opposite in nearly every respect. Field Marshal
Kesselring had his work cut out trying to get them to cooperate. Yet
the Axis forces in Tunisia did hold advantages. Among them was a
small number of the new heavy Mark VI Panzer, the Tiger, whose 88mm
gun was much superior to the Sherman’s 75mm.19 The Tigers were a
headline product of Germany’s now greatly improving armaments
output. From late 1942, the top priority was armoured fighting
vehicles. In September, Speer announced a monthly production target
of 50 Tigers, six hundred of the new Mark V Panther medium tanks, 150
light tanks, and a mix of six hundred mobile assault guns and
self-propelled artillery pieces. Tank factories were ordered to go
over to a 72-hour working week.<br />
<br />
Favouring the defenders even more was the Tunisian terrain. This
was no longer war in the desert, but war across mountains and
ravines. The Germans were particularly adept at placing their
artillery and machine guns in commanding positions on ridges.
Tunisian terrain guaranteed heavy losses for any army attacking it.<br />
<br />
Even more so if that army was at the foot of a steep learning
curve. The US army in Tunisia, under the overall charge of General
Dwight D. Eisenhower, learned from its mistakes faster than the
British learned from theirs in the Western Desert, but the process
was still painful. The starkest contrast between German and US forces
in Tunisia was that the German forces contained a large core of
hardened combat veterans, particularly among the Afrika Korps,
whereas the US army was overwhelmingly an army of newly recruited,
uniformed citizens. The United States’ isolationist stance
following the First World War, and the financial priorities of the
interwar years, not least during the Great Depression, had
debilitated the country’s armed forces. The danger of war and the
German triumphs of 1939–41 had jolted the US army into developing
an armoured-warfare capacity. However, the US army relied much less
than the Germans on skilful manoeuvre and operational art, and much
more on General Ulysses S. Grant’s eighty-year-old doctrine of
grinding down the enemy with superior resources.<br />
<br />
In order to do this as effectively and efficiently as possible,
the US army organized itself along scientific management lines. This
approach had advantages: for one thing, it did not suffer the adverse
effects of having two high-command offices. However, the scientific
approach also created a top-down command style that required officers
to weigh up all relevant factors in any given battle situation before
deciding which course of action to take. This left them little room
for surprise, improvisation or initiative.<br />
<br />
US army basic training was shorter than its German equivalent, and
placed less importance on developing the men’s psychological and
physical attributes. Instead, it sought to develop their skills in
particular tasks, breaking down those tasks into smaller components.
Nor, on the whole, were US soldiers placed in regionally based units,
as German soldiers were. This extensively deprived the US army of the
benefits to morale of raising, training and deploying soldiers from
the same region together in the same unit. US NCOs were particularly
inferior to their German counterparts, for the interwar US army had
enjoyed far less social kudos than its German equivalent, and had
failed to attract high-quality recruits in the numbers needed to
create a core of high-quality NCOs.<br />
<br />
On the other hand, at least private soldiers who proved themselves
in battle were not held back from being promoted to NCO. And even
before the United States entered the war, the army was taking further
steps that would better enable it to meet the challenges of combat.
There was colossal benefit, of course, in the industrial output of
the globe’s most powerful economy. The army reduced the size of its
infantry units, but buttressed their firepower, equipping them with
extra machine guns and mortars, together with the highly effective
‘bazooka’ anti-tank rifle. Infantry divisions also became
motorized with half-tracks and largely self-propelled artillery,
while the Americans aped the Germans by making their armoured
divisions less tank-heavy and more balanced.<br />
<br />
Nevertheless, the Tunisian campaign harshly exposed the US army’s
continued shortcomings. The Americans felt compelled by the terrain
to disperse their armour rather than concentrate it. They had far to
go before they could practise combined-arms warfare as proficiently
as the Germans. Furthermore, because the Americans’ grasp of
manoeuvre warfare was found wanting, they often tried to compensate
with an offensive-minded attitude, leading to some recklessly
ill-advised attacks. The Americans’ lack of experience in
interservice cooperation was clear in the ineffective air support
they provided for their ground troops. Nor, as yet, did they
concentrate their artillery in the mass that was needed.<br />
<br />
The Germans’ initially contemptuous view of the US army was
coloured not just by their military judgment, but also by Nazi racial
stereotypes about the ‘degenerate’ multicultural United States.
‘We fought the Ami [American] a few days ago,’ wrote Lance
Corporal Siegfried K. of the 15th Panzer Division in mid-February
1943, ‘and destroyed over ninety of his tanks. We’ll blow him and
all his Negroes and trash races to perdition.’ Ironically, however,
the severe racial segregation that characterized the US army at this
time kept its African-American personnel away from frontline combat
units.<br />
<br />
Alongside the US troops in North Africa were Free French forces,
including skilled mountain fighters from France’s North African
colonies. Such soldiers posed acute danger to Axis troops in the
mountainous terrain of Tunisia. The other Allied contingent was the
division-strong British First Army, under General Kenneth Anderson.
The First Army was a formation drawn from the Home Forces, troops who
had been trained in Britain while the Eighth Army had fought Rommel
in the Western Desert. It exhibited several of the weaknesses in the
Home Forces’ training and doctrine. For one thing, its troops
suffered the shortcomings of the new British innovation of battle
drill. Useful though this was, it was imparted to uneven standards
across the different regiments. This was yet another symptom of the
British army’s failure to create a system that disseminated good
practice throughout its units. Nor did battle drill in itself enable
British soldiers to achieve effective manoeuvre and firepower
dominance on the battlefield. The British army’s inadequate
dissemination of best practice was also apparent in the First Army’s
failure to concentrate its artillery more effectively, and in its
poor air support – defects the Eighth Army had suffered from but
had since corrected. However, the Americans and the British First
Army would prove faster learners than the Eighth Army. Further,
General Alexander, in overall charge of the British land forces in
North Africa, smoothed the learning process by alternating and
coordinating attacks on the Axis from east and west after
Montgomery’s forces arrived from the east. This helped the Allies
to maintain constant pressure on the Axis while giving their own
formations the opportunity both to reflect and to recuperate.<br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-39720657189399356982016-09-29T17:41:00.001+08:002016-09-29T17:41:37.544+08:00Wehrmacht in Tunisia II<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<br />
In mid-February, Rommel and Arnim buried their differences long
enough to mount a two-pronged counterattack against the Americans.
Arnim unleashed Operation Spring Breeze, employing two Panzer
divisions against US formations along the main Allied line of the
Eastern Dorsal. At one point, 1,500 American troops were encircled
and captured, and the Americans pulled back their whole line to the
Western Dorsal. Rommel’s forces, the 15th Panzer Division and the
Italian ‘Centauro’ armoured division now launched Operation
Morning Air from the south, against US defences in the Kasserine Pass
through the Western Dorsal. Rommel’s 88s beat off US
counterattacks, and by 20 February, US defences at the pass had
collapsed, the troops manning them fleeing with the loss of two
hundred tanks. Then, however, the Americans began their ascent of
that steep learning curve; their resistance stiffened, their
artillery exacted heavy losses on the Panzers and Rommel was unable
to exploit his success further. The field marshal later credited the
Americans with the improvement they showed over the course of the
battle: ‘Although it was true that the American troops could not
yet be compared with the veterans of the Eighth Army. … They made
up for their lack of experience by their far better and more
plentiful equipment and their tactically more flexible command.’
Hans von Luck concurred, asserting in his memoirs that the Americans
‘adapted immediately to a changed situation and fought with great
doggedness’. Rommel was also let down by Arnim; his Prussian
colleague had refused to release part of one of his Panzer divisions
to support him, even when Kesselring had ordered Arnim to do so. Nor,
this time, had Rommel helped himself: rather than concentrating his
attack on the Americans’ weakest point, as time-honoured German
practice directed him to do, he had dissipated his offensive power by
attacking at three different points.<br />
<br />
Another sign that Rommel’s touch was wobbling came when
Montgomery’s recently arrived Eighth Army repulsed his attack at
Medenine on the Mareth Line on 6 March. Medenine was essentially an
action replay of Alam Halfa, but with even higher German losses. ‘The
Marshal has made a balls of it,’ Montgomery reportedly remarked.
The Eighth Army was helped, as it had been since the summer of 1942,
by complete air superiority, and by Ultra decrypts revealing exactly
where the Germans would attack. Furthermore, the advent of the
six-pounder gun had boosted the British army’s anti-tank
capability.<br />
<br />
The British had yet to master combined-arms operations fully.
Among other things, their artillery was still not targeting the full
depth of the enemy’s defences effectively enough, and they were not
deploying their forward anti-tank guns quickly enough.35 Yet the
Tunisian campaign was enabling the British, like the Americans, to
climb the combined-arms learning curve. Indeed, by now both the
British and the Americans were firmly shedding their initial gung-ho
attitude to armoured warfare, providing their tanks with vital
infantry cover, and coordinating their tanks and infantry
increasingly effectively. In the air, the appointment of Air Marshal
Sir Arthur Conyngham as head of the whole of the Northwest African
Tactical Air Force enabled him to transfer best practice from his old
command of the Desert Air Force and greatly improve air-ground
coordination.<br />
<br />
By mid-March 1943, the German army in North Africa had run out of
road. The Axis supply basis in North Africa was already increasingly
threadbare, and now Rommel and Arnim’s offensives had used up all
the remaining fuel. The Axis forces, despite further reinforcement,
were now outnumbered two to one. Such reinforcements as the Germans
could get across to Tunisia could not alter the campaign’s
impending outcome; rather, they were ‘committed to the flames’,
as General Guderian later put it. A sign that the Germans knew the
game was up was the German-Italian Panzer Army’s latest and last
name change, as it was redesignated the Italian First Army and placed
under the command of General Giovanni Messe; both this and the Fifth
Panzer Army were now placed under Rommel’s command as Army Group
Africa. Further attacks by Montgomery, and by US II Corps, now under
General George S. Patton, did not make a decisive breakthrough, but
did make good progress. With the collapse of the Mareth Line,
abandoned by the Axis when the Italian First Army fled from it in
disarray, the Allied armies in east and west linked up.<br />
<br />
The Luftwaffe in the Mediterranean theatre, meanwhile, was being
ripped to shreds. Between November 1942 and May 1943, it lost nearly
2,500 aircraft. This comprised over 40 per cent of the Luftwaffe’s
entire strength as of 10 November 1942. Losses of this magnitude
could not fail to affect the performance of the Luftwaffe in the east
either, but in the Mediterranean they had the immediate effect of
stripping Axis shipping of air cover. As a result, 623 Panzers, 1,719
vehicles, and 1,413 artillery pieces earmarked for the Germans in
North Africa ended up on the bottom of the sea.<br />
<br />
The Germans on the ground did not give up. In the middle of April,
Corporal Karl B. of the 334th Infantry Division, a Kriemhild
formation comprising Replacement Army units from various locations,
wrote: ‘Our neighbouring regiment was at the wire and destroyed a
breakthrough attempt. Now we’re expecting a visit in our sector
too, but we’ll show the enemy what’s what. Up to now we’ve had
no anti-tank weapons, but our poor bloody infantry have stood up to
iron and steel.’ But fierce as the Germans’ resolve was, they
could achieve no more than a holding action. By the standards of the
North African campaign, the Germans’ losses were calamitous. ‘In
the Wehrmacht report, my regiment was referred to by name: “Grenadier
Regiment 754 particularly distinguished itself,”’ wrote Lance
Corporal Karl B. two weeks later. ‘There isn’t much of the unit
left now.’ By early May, the Tunisian campaign, and with it the
German army’s war in North Africa, were over. Around 250,000 Axis
troops went into captivity. Rommel, already back in Germany, was not
among them, though Arnim was.<br />
<br />
The end of the North African campaign, like the campaign as a
whole, was more than a sideshow. More Axis troops surrendered in
Tunisia than had surrendered in Stalingrad, even though only about
half the 250,000 captured were combat troops, and only half the
combat troops were German. The British army in particular had used
the North African campaign to improve its tactics and organization,
while the US army had used its final phase as an opportunity to begin
tempering its troops in battle. Moreover, the Americans’ effective
use of artillery presaged the overwhelming firepower that they and
the rest of the Western Allies would employ in future campaigns. Both
the British and US armies, then, had benefited greatly from North
African ‘rehearsal space’.<br />
<br />
The campaign’s closing phase also further exposed the new limits
to the German army’s capability. Above all, its mastery of
manoeuvre warfare could only achieve so much against an opponent with
superior intelligence, air power and land-based firepower.
Strategically, the German army now faced a likely Italian collapse
and an Allied invasion of Axis-controlled Europe from the south. Axis
hopes of a complete triumph in North Africa had been based on shaky
foundations from the start, but equally, the Axis need not have been
defeated quite so massively as it was. That the German army lost so
many men and so much valuable equipment in Tunisia was ultimately the
fault of Hitler and the high command, albeit the OKW rather than the
OKH this time. Hitler had made his small OKW staff, particularly
General Jodl, responsible for the Tunisian bridgehead, largely as a
way of further putting the OKH more firmly in its place. Given the
pressure the German army was under on the eastern front in early
1943, it is questionable how many more troops could have been spared
for Tunisia. But the OKW could at least have done a better job of
timing the reinforcements, still more of timing a withdrawal, the
disruption from Allied air power notwithstanding. Ultimately,
however, nothing the OKW might have done differently would have
altered some even more basic truths about the Tunisian campaign. The
task of supplying and coordinating a binational expeditionary force
by sea was not one that naturally fitted the German military. It
fitted even less when that same sea route was exposed to air attack
so devastatingly. Yet the only alternative – conceding the field to
the Allies in North Africa and allowing Italy to collapse – was one
Hitler would not countenance.<br />
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-45828236738572107882016-08-05T14:43:00.001+08:002016-08-05T14:43:12.965+08:00“I was Rommel’s Barber” – Interview with Helmut Thomasite, an Africa Corp. Tanke<blockquote class="embedly-card" data-card-key="8ac4b7fee45c4d83a80aed58857fcf40" data-card-type="article-full">
<h4>
<a href="http://www.armchairgeneral.com/i-was-rommels-barber-interview-with-helmut-thomasite-an-africa-corp-tanker.htm">"I was Rommel's Barber" - Interview with Helmut Thomasite, an Africa Corp. Tanker</a></h4>
By Mike Burnside and Rick Martin "I was Rommel's Barber" Interview with Helmut Thomasite, an Africa Corp. Tanker by Mike Burnside and Rick Martin What did you do before the war? I was born in a very small town. It was so small that there were only several people rich enough to be able to afford cars.</blockquote>
<script async="" charset="UTF-8" src="//cdn.embedly.com/widgets/platform.js"></script>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-29500808170640221952016-08-05T14:42:00.000+08:002016-08-05T14:42:06.970+08:00Desert Knights – An Overview of the War in North Africa<blockquote class="embedly-card" data-card-image="http://www.armchairgeneral.com/wordpress/wp-content/features/northafrica/na1.jpg" data-card-key="8ac4b7fee45c4d83a80aed58857fcf40" data-card-type="article-full">
<h4>
<a href="http://www.armchairgeneral.com/desert-knights-an-overview-of-the-war-in-north-africa.htm">Desert Knights - An Overview of the War in North Africa</a></h4>
Many people have never seen a real desert, one that extends for hundreds and hundreds of miles. Almost all have a concept in their mind of what it might be like. But just what is the desert? A description of the desert is like a description of any other type of terrain.</blockquote>
<script async="" charset="UTF-8" src="//cdn.embedly.com/widgets/platform.js"></script>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-29619111099259580472016-03-14T14:03:00.002+08:002016-03-14T14:37:31.476+08:00Darby’s Rangers – North Africa<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW8y-YVWqfV2iBQjAxudB_GWx-n3XyAmWvG6JO0I3MwD1zNMVON5Bc8ufJRmxHckQdCqlmUTWG1VPe5BbmLESjehMId8R_mQtxkT4fNy9vEHpuXHIFsv3bAPI8ISWj1chimROa1Tv2a0w5/s1600/arzew_torch_battle_1942.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW8y-YVWqfV2iBQjAxudB_GWx-n3XyAmWvG6JO0I3MwD1zNMVON5Bc8ufJRmxHckQdCqlmUTWG1VPe5BbmLESjehMId8R_mQtxkT4fNy9vEHpuXHIFsv3bAPI8ISWj1chimROa1Tv2a0w5/s400/arzew_torch_battle_1942.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<b><i>Rangers train on the terrain of the 8 November assault at Arzew (U.S. Anny photograph).</i></b><br />
<br />
Dieppe proved to be the only operation undertaken by Darby’s Rangers
in accordance with Marshall’s original concept. In late July the U.S.
Joint Chiefs of Staff, under pressure from a president anxious for
action against the Germans on some front, reluctantly bowed to British
arguments for an invasion of French North Africa, code named Operation
TORCH. As planners examined the task of securing the initial beachheads,
they perceived a need for highly trained forces that could approach the
landing areas and seize key defensive positions in advance of the main
force.<br />
<br />
Accordingly, Darby’s battalion received a mission to occupy two
forts at the entrance of Arzew harbor, clearing the way for the landing
of the U.S. 1st Infantry Division of the Center Task Force.<br />
<br />
The performance of the Rangers in their first independent mission
reflected their emphasis on leadership, training, and careful planning.
In the early morning hours of 8 November two companies under Darby’s
executive officer, Maj. Herman W. Dammer, slipped through a boom
blocking the entrance to the inner harbor of Arzew and stealthily
approached Fort de la Pointe. After climbing over a seawall and cutting
through barbed wire, two groups of Rangers assaulted the position from
opposite directions. Within fifteen minutes, they had the fort and sixty
startled French prisoners.<br />
<br />
Meanwhile, Darby and the remaining four
companies landed near Cap Carbon and climbed a ravine to reach Batterie
du Nord, overlooking the harbor. With the support of Company D’s four
81-mm. mortars, the force assaulted the position, capturing the battery
and sixty more prisoners. Trying to signal his success to the waiting
fleet, Darby, whose radio had been lost in the landing, shot off a
series of green flares before finally establishing contact through the
radio of a British forward observer party. The Rangers had achieved
their first success, a triumph tempered only by the later impressment of
two companies as line troops in the 1st Infantry Division’s beachhead
perimeter.<br />
<br />
Ranger losses were light, but the episode foreshadowed the
future use of the Rangers as line infantry<br />
While Allied forces occupied Northwest Africa and advanced into
Tunisia, Darby kept his Rangers busy with a rigorous program of physical
conditioning and training in night and amphibious operations. Rumors of
possible raiding missions spread within the battalion, but, as December
and January passed without any further assignments, morale rapidly
declined. Many Rangers transferred to other units. As yet, the Army
still had no doctrine or concept of the employment of such units on the
conventional battlefield, or elsewhere, and American field commanders
were more concerned about their advance into the rear of Field Marshal
Erwin Rommel’s Afrika Korps than in any program of seaborne commando
raids.<br />
<br />
In early February 1943 the Allied high command finally found a
mission for the Rangers. Lt. Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower’s theater
headquarters attached the battalion to Maj. Gen. Lloyd R. Fredendall’s
II Corps in Tunisia. Hoping to gather intelligence and mislead the enemy
regarding Allied strength and intentions, Fredendall directed the
battalion to launch a series of raids against the Italo-German lines.
The Rangers struck first against the Italian outpost at Sened. On the
night of 10-11 February three Ranger companies marched through eight
miles of rugged Tunisian terrain to a chain of hills overlooking the
position. After observing the outpost by day, the Rangers, about
midnight, began a four-mile approach march, advancing to successive
phase lines and using colored lights to maintain formation. At 200 yards
the Italians spotted their advance and opened fire, but most of the
shots passed harmlessly overhead. The Rangers waited until they were
fifty yards away before launching a bayonet assault. Within twenty
minutes, they had overrun the garrison, killing fifty and capturing
eleven before withdrawing to friendly lines.<br />
<br />
The raiding program was soon cut short by developments to the north.
Within days of the action at Sened, the Germans launched a
counteroffensive through Kasserine Pass, roughly handling the green
American units and forcing Fredendall to withdraw his exposed right
flank. After serving as a rear guard for the withdrawal, the Rangers
held a regimental-size front across Dernaia Pass and patrolled in
anticipation of a German attack in the area. It would not be the last
time that field commanders, short of troops, used the Rangers as line
infantry in an emergency.<br />
<br />
When the II Corps, now under Maj. Gen. George S. Patton, Jr.,
returned to the offensive in March, the 1st Ranger Battalion played a
key role in the Allied breakthrough. After spearheading the 1st Infantry
Division’s advance to EI Guettar, the Rangers found the Italians
blocking the road at the pass of Djebel eI Ank. The terrain to either
side of the position appeared impassable, but Ranger patrols found a
twelve-mile path through the mountains and ravines north of the pass to
the Italian rear.<br />
<br />
During the night of 20-21 March, the battalion,
accompanied by a heavy mortar company, followed this tortuous route,
reaching a plateau overlooking the Italian position by 0600. As the sun
rose, the Rangers, supported by the mortars, struck the Italians from
flank and rear, while the 26th Infantry made a frontal assault. The
enemy fled, leaving the pass and 200 prisoners in American hands. After
patrolling and helping to repulse enemy counterattacks from a defensive
position near Djebel Berda, the Rangers returned to Algeria for a rest.
Shortly afterward, the Axis surrender of Tunis and Bizerte concluded the
North African campaign.<br />
<br />
<br />Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-73026640287787765982016-03-14T13:59:00.002+08:002016-03-14T13:59:50.150+08:00Tigers in North Africa<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Xk_4jWn7sBOwPgX034Scleii65ymHITGzk4IW_j1ix85YaeQTgBTnwS-L2zvKuvPstKgoKBgS_xVfGOUpvm5bCIjLm5oXwESH3RTqoGV7PIqsR1zTATul8QQ2TPiyamA90S6M72ZlCRC/s1600/tiger-1_spzabt501_afrika2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="152" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Xk_4jWn7sBOwPgX034Scleii65ymHITGzk4IW_j1ix85YaeQTgBTnwS-L2zvKuvPstKgoKBgS_xVfGOUpvm5bCIjLm5oXwESH3RTqoGV7PIqsR1zTATul8QQ2TPiyamA90S6M72ZlCRC/s400/tiger-1_spzabt501_afrika2.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<em><strong> </strong></em><em><strong>A Tiger I of sPzAbt.501, North Africa, 1943.</strong></em></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1B2HzGVqQyIX6qWb0wlPc_mo-R-O3LFyfkg44qIWaAh-UrGwo-QXVOo3TqI_j3vvqzoeBV1444BQbWZIhhaR6DPTVoYwy0tDag1MvGXahaCdIPnhOdXwLOctSXk-5lGbtTfE-DrQwRk3q/s1600/tiger1-131-tunis-43.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="210" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh1B2HzGVqQyIX6qWb0wlPc_mo-R-O3LFyfkg44qIWaAh-UrGwo-QXVOo3TqI_j3vvqzoeBV1444BQbWZIhhaR6DPTVoYwy0tDag1MvGXahaCdIPnhOdXwLOctSXk-5lGbtTfE-DrQwRk3q/s400/tiger1-131-tunis-43.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<em><strong><em><strong>Tiger I, sPzAbt.504, North Africa.</strong></em></strong></em></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitt8UvbKeaw25cgSygxozaSoHeVtGTqv2fwgGS0kDw4yoUBvJBib1J2pbsn7KiCRBctLeAIrEbq2RW0UA9EZK3dIlllQbNAluCYxyJ41-803248e9jb4zXT6lTLEry6Rw0J5bsiOfVE3Da/s1600/yuluigliluilu.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="166" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEitt8UvbKeaw25cgSygxozaSoHeVtGTqv2fwgGS0kDw4yoUBvJBib1J2pbsn7KiCRBctLeAIrEbq2RW0UA9EZK3dIlllQbNAluCYxyJ41-803248e9jb4zXT6lTLEry6Rw0J5bsiOfVE3Da/s400/yuluigliluilu.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
The Allied forces did not have a tank that could counter the Tiger,
so they resorted to the tactic of pulling back from ridge to ridge while
laying minefields that were protected by antitank guns. Artillery
bombardments were also fired on the Tigers when they were slowed by the
minefields. As has been shown, this tactic was very effective.<br />
<br />
On 17 March 1943, Heavy Tank Battalion 504 took possession of Heavy
Tank Battalion 501’s 11 remaining Tigers; it later surrendered on 12 May
1943. During this time, they encountered many of the same problems as
their predecessors, although German forces were primarily on the
defensive during the two months Heavy Tank Battalion 504 fought in North
Africa. They assisted in stopping the breakthrough of the American 1st
Armored Division in the vicinity of Maknassy during the end of March
1943. They also helped temporarily stop the British offensive in the
vicinity of Medjez el Bab, as well as numerous other smaller defensive
engagements. This battalion did not engage in any large-scale offensive
operations. It performed defensive missions to defeat enemy penetrations
of the front line.<br />
<br />
The battalion also counterattacked several times, as part of a larger
German force, to reestablish front line positions. The battalion was
only able to maintain an operational readiness rate of about 50 percent
for their Tigers, and the largest number of Tigers that were operational
at one time was 17 on 4 April 1943. Heavy Tank Battalion 504 lost a
total of eight Tiger tanks between 17 March and 12 May 1943, and
destroyed the remaining 14 to prevent their capture before the unit
surrendered to Allied forces.<br />
<br />
During the two months that they operated in Tunisia, Heavy Tank
Battalion 504 destroyed more than 150 enemy tanks. Prior to destroying
the 14 remaining Tigers, the battalion achieved a tank kill ratio of
18.8 enemy tanks for every Tiger lost; because the entire battalion was
ultimately lost, however, the kill ratio measured against all 22 Tigers
committed was still a respectable 6.8 enemy tanks destroyed for every
Tiger.<br />
<br />
This battalion’s counteroffensive actions were effective in delaying
the Allied forces in Tunisia. They could have been even more cost
effective had the Germans been able to evacuate the remaining Tigers of
the battalion to Sicily or Italy.<br />
<br />
This battalion, like Heavy Tank Battalion 501, also suffered from
inadequate recovery assets during its retrograde actions. Of the eight
Tigers lost prior to surrendering, only four were lost as a result of
direct enemy contact. Of these four, the battalion destroyed two because
they were unable to recover them. That meant that enemy fire completely
destroyed only two Tigers, one from concentrated antitank and artillery
fire, and the other from a direct hit by an artillery round.<br />
<br />
This testifies to the survivability of the Tiger tank, but it also
highlights its weaknesses. As the Germans were discovering, the Tiger
was a very maintenance- intensive combat vehicle that had a limited
radius of action because of the high fuel consumption and maintenance
requirements. These weaknesses were exacerbated when the Germans
withdrew following the Allied offenses in Tunisia.<br />
Although the actions of Heavy Tank Battalion 504 indicate that Tigers
were effective in destroying enemy tanks, if the German Army had
devoted some resources to developing an armored recovery vehicle, they
may have been able to reduce the number of Tigers destroyed by their own
crews. Only two Tigers were total and complete losses on the
battlefield as a result of enemy direct fire. For the loss of these two
Tigers, the battalion destroyed over 150 Allied tanks, which equals a
kill ratio of 75 to 1 in tank versus tank combat. Fortunately for the
Allies, there was more than one way to kill a Tiger. Unfortunately for
the Germans, the solutions to the twin problems of recovering such
massive machines when damaged on the battlefield and conducting the
maintenance required to keep such complex vehicles running would prove
elusive.<br />
<br /> <em><strong> </strong></em>Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-52205047627018419822015-08-10T14:27:00.002+08:002015-08-10T14:27:20.533+08:00Flakartillerie in North Afrika<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHwDvWcM3Z0IQRt6XjHvKMQHDEzydzyudzXXWIzvziqjz5WRZlCv7gVlpglxJjSvQ1gUh3bPtVLkUz66GnEGKy-1OcUoyPkeXP4YDNjUcu6sRfUl6TLCj99Mrfafx6EsAjPxSDM2tbb8yd/s1600/88ujikfl.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="197" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHwDvWcM3Z0IQRt6XjHvKMQHDEzydzyudzXXWIzvziqjz5WRZlCv7gVlpglxJjSvQ1gUh3bPtVLkUz66GnEGKy-1OcUoyPkeXP4YDNjUcu6sRfUl6TLCj99Mrfafx6EsAjPxSDM2tbb8yd/s400/88ujikfl.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footer"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="index heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of figures"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="envelope return"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="footnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="toa heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Kanonier, Flakartillerie troops, Libya 1942</i></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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The appearance of Luftwaffe anti-aircraft units on the
battlefields of Europe and Africa in a conventional artillery role was not due
to any personal ambition of the Reichsmarschall, but rather to a sound and
admirable flexibility of thought on the part of the German staff. So often
ignorantly criticized for rigidness, the Germans, in their willingness to
experiment with combat techniques, compare very favourably with certain
episodes in the record of the Allied command.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The superb 8·8 cm anti-aircraft gun developed by Krupps in
the early 1930s first appeared at the front line in Spain during 1936,
equipping Flak batteries of the German expeditionary force. (It was entirely
logical that anti-aircraft artillery should fall under Luftwaffe control, not
least because of the importance of close technical liaison.) 'Flak' has come
into common English usage, and will be used throughout this text; it is a
contraction of Flieger-Abwehr-Kanone, 'anti-aircraft cannon'. The version used
in Spain, properly termed the 8·8 cm Flak 18, was followed in 1937 by the
improved Flak 36 model, which had provision for the speedy changing of barrels,
and a new and significant wheeled carriage designated Sonderanhänger 201. The
normal ground mounting was of cruciform design; for travelling the side arms
were folded upwards and wheeled bogies fitted to the long arms. The 201
mounting allowed the gun to fire on ground targets without being freed from the
bogies and winched down to ground level; the brakes were applied, the wheels
chocked, the side arms of the cruciform mounting folded down and the 'feet' at
their extremities winched down to brace against the ground - and the gun was
ready for action. It is not known who first suggested that the gun was too
versatile to be confined to flying targets, but he was certainly a soldier of
some vision; that battlefield use of the gun played a part in staff thinking
from an early stage is confirmed by the fact that from 1940 onwards armoured
shields to protect the crew during ground combat were fitted to new guns, and
fitted retrospectively to many Flak 18s.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The Luftwaffe Flak regiments and batteries operated in great
numbers throughout the war, and with enormous success. To detail all these
units is frankly beyond the author's competence and would serve little purpose;
but perhaps it is valid to consider one isolated campaign - that in North
Africa.</div>
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In the mobile desert warfare of which the Germans of
Rommel's Panzerarmee soon showed themselves to be masters, the Flak played a
vital part. Supply and replacement problems haunted Rommel almost from the
first - his uniquely vulnerable lines of communication lay across a
Mediterranean ranged by Allied aircraft from Malta and submarines from Malta
and Gibraltar - and although his precious tanks were superior in quality to all
Allied equipment until the very end of the campaign, their numbers were never
as high as he could have wished. To conserve the PzKpfw IIIs and IVs of 15th
and 21st Panzer Divisions, he evolved a deadly technique.</div>
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<br /></div>
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It. has been said that despite the glamorous image of the
tank columns which churned across the Western Desert, the real kings of the
African battlefields were the landmine and the anti-tank gun. The greatest of
these was the 'eighty-eight'; it was extremely mobile and could operate well
forward with the advanced armoured squadrons. I t was normally towed by the
heavy SdKfz 7 halftrack; this powerful vehicle could accommodate the entire crew
of eleven (layer, trainer, breechworker, fuse-setter, five ammunition numbers,
commander and driver) and their personal equipment, a good supply of ammunition
for immediate use, and reserves of fuel. Thus, once a target was sighted, the
gun could be got into action very quickly. Its impressive rate of fire -
between fifteen and twenty rounds a minute - was combined with great range and
accuracy. Maximum low-trajectory range was 16,500 yards, and the 21-lb
armour-piercing round could kill a tank at up to 3,000 yards - three times the
range of the best Allied equipment. Its air-burst high-explosive round was
notably effective against infantry. In the 'eighty-eight', Rommel had a deadly
antitank weapon, a fine anti-aircraft gun, and a fieldpiece capable of augmenting
conventional barrages with great speed and accuracy, all rolled into one supremely
functional piece of metal.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The most frightening and effective use of the gun was in
Rommel's famous 'Flak front'. In the face of advancing enemy armour the Luftwaffe
regiments would be sent right forward and dug in to ground level; the gun was
easy to conceal, as is any relatively small piece of equipment at ground level
under the peculiar light conditions of the desert, and its rounds used a
flashless propellant. A few troops of tanks would probe forward, making contact
with the British armour and then withdrawing, luring the Grants and Crusaders
within range of the trap. Once they were comfortably lined up the Flak would
methodically decimate them; their own short-range guns were useless, their
attackers were virtually invisible, and their casualties were frequently
appalling. At its anti-tank debut in the Battle of Sollum in June 1941 the
'eighty-eight' is claimed to have destroyed 123 out of 238 British tanks attacking
the Afrika Korps position in Halfaya ('Hellfire') Pass); according to German
sources this represented one 'brewed' tank for every twenty rounds fired by the
Flak batteries.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Another battle in which the 'eighty-eights' distinguished
themselves and their Luftwaffe crews was the series of actions near Agedabia in
January 1942. Prominent was a crack Air Force unit, Major Hecht's Flak Regiment
135; the 18th, 33rd and 35th Regiments also did well, as did Major Hartmann's
Reserve Flak Abteilung 114. The 135th, now led by Oberst Wolz, also figures
honourably in the records of Bir Hakeim in June [942; in this hard-fought
action he also had under command various detached battalions, notably 1I./Flak
25, I./Flak 18, I.fFlak 6 and I./Flak 43· The last-named unit won no fewer than
three awards of the Ritterkreuz (Knight's Cross) during the desert fighting;
they were awarded to Oberleutnant Gellert, Major Gürcke (the commanding
officer) and Oberfeldwebel Bösel. At El Alamein the [02nd and [35th Regiments
were organized as the main fighting units of the '9th Flak Division, under
direct army command and led by Generalleutnant Burckhardt; these units,
together with the 109th Flak Battalion attached to Graf von Sponeck's famous
90th Light Division, and various army Flak battalions, had a total strength of
eighty-six 8·8 cm guns at the opening of the battle. So seriously did the
British take these weapons that Montgomery issued explicit instructions to his
armoured brigade commanders concerning the absolute necessity of avoiding the
'Flak front' and saving their strength for the final battle with the panzers.
Even so, it is said that the 'eighty-eights' were largely responsible for the
massacre of the first wave of British armour at Alamein.</div>
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<br /></div>
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The Flak fought their way back along the coast with the
other survivors of the Panzerarmee, and were still scourging Allied armour as
the last stores were burned in Tunis in May 1943. The remains of the 19th Flak
Division took up their last firing positions along the Miliane line, in company
with the survivors of the 'Hermann Goring' Division and Koch's and Ramcke's
paratroopers. The 20th Flak Division, or what was left of it, was at Tebourba;
the 3/52 Battery distinguished itself in the last few days of the fighting when
Leutnant Happach and Oberfeldwebel Wilhelm Voight turned their 'eighty-eights'
on the American 2nd Armoured Battalion, and killed twenty tanks in as many
minutes.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-25971987416535625752015-08-10T14:08:00.001+08:002015-08-10T14:08:18.277+08:00Allied raiding in the Desert<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNMoLISrU7wiCUvIFwCFDrkCGxwr1uZhnEmwQPyrjfU8HoJ0K33RMMu-UDx5BXlIK130xrM86Hj1trvVdVZK890QFE8ldz8cUaDjs0XLoZ1SswMHzGj4VPad3vzaEvSE57Aij6zUWu_o_M/s1600/FW303.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhNMoLISrU7wiCUvIFwCFDrkCGxwr1uZhnEmwQPyrjfU8HoJ0K33RMMu-UDx5BXlIK130xrM86Hj1trvVdVZK890QFE8ldz8cUaDjs0XLoZ1SswMHzGj4VPad3vzaEvSE57Aij6zUWu_o_M/s400/FW303.jpg" width="283" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://www.flamesofwar.com/hobby.aspx?art_id=2933" target="_blank"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Burning Empires Design Notes</i></b></a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As well as conducting patrolling missions, the Eighth Army
carried out a number of local attacks designed to test Axis resolve and to
provide better jumping-off points for the main battle. In the north of the
line, an Australian raid (Operation Bulimba) was a partial success, but a
larger action conducted by a brigade of the 44th Infantry Division (Operation
Braganza) was a bitter failure, causing heavy casualties for no gain. If
nothing else, these raids confirmed to the British that the Axis forces were far
from beaten and remained a profound danger. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Further to the south were the 'private armies', units of
special forces who operated on the flanks of the main force. A British officer
who helped organise these units called the desert a 'small raider's paradise',
for it was in North Africa that most of these troops encouraged by Wavell and
Auchinleck - came into being. Their basic philosophy was centred around the
idea that well-trained and highly motivated men could carry out onerous and
often dangerous missions impossible for conventional forces. The private armies
reflected the British enthusiasm for the Boy's Own school of warfare, where
derring-do by a resolute officer and his faithful men would win the day against
vastly superior odds. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first of these organisations to see the light of day -
and probably the most effective- was the Long Range Desert Group (LRDG). The
brainchild of a British officer, Major Ralph Bagnold, who had explored the
Western Desert extensively before the war, the LRDG was set up to perform deep
reconnaissance missions far behind enemy lines. Bagnold was given permission by
Wavell to do as he wished, and he recruited a volunteer force of New
Zealanders, who were then at a loose end after having lost their arms and
equipment through shipping losses. Later the New Zealanders were joined by
Rhodesians, and then troops from the Guards and subsequently yeomanry
regiments. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Driving modified Chevrolet and Ford trucks, the LRDG
operated from a string of oases deep in the desert, sending out patrols
throughout Libya to as far west as the border with Tunisia. Missions could last
weeks at a time, and the men not only had to learn the special techniques of
desert survival, such as navigating by sun compass, they had to be highly
resourceful to survive in these harsh conditions. Self-discipline replaced the
spit and polish of conventional army discipline, and each soldier was expected
to be able to look after himself. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The professionalism of the LRDG compared favourably with
many other private armies, which, in the main, were organized and led by
inspired amateurs. The commandos in the Middle East were formed from 8 and 11
Commando, known as Layforce after their commander, Colonel Robert Laycock.
Layforce experienced mixed fortunes. Their prime function was to conduct
amphibious raids along the North African coast, attacking enemy installations.
The commandos achieved some success with relatively modest ventures, where
resources were carefully matched to a specific task. The larger, open-ended raids
were generally less successful, and disasters were not uncommon. The expedition
mounted in November 1941 to attack Rommel's headquarters was one such
operation. The leader of the raid, Lieutenant Colonel Geoffrey Keyes, was
killed (receiving a posthumous VC) and many of his troops were captured. Faulty
intelligence and desperately over-optimistic planning had doomed the attempt
from the outset. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
While recovering from injuries from a commando raid, one
young officer, David Stirling, decided there was a place for small raiding
teams to be dropped by parachute behind enemy lines. Supported by Generals
Ritchie and Auchinleck, Stirling was given the go-ahead, and in mid-1941 he
began recruiting volunteers from the remains of Layforce. Stirling and his 65
recruits gave themselves the title L Detachment Special Air Service (SAS)
Brigade, intended to deceive German intelligence that an airborne brigade was
being formed in the Middle East. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The first mission undertaken by the SAS was a parachute
attack against two Axis airfields (16 November 1941), but the men were
dispersed by high winds and the whole affair was a fiasco, the detachment
losing 70 per cent of its strength. The survivors were picked up by the LRDG.
Stirling saw the effectiveness of the LRDG and immediately abandoned the
parachute concept in favour of overland operations in heavily armed jeeps,
guided to their targets by the LRDG. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Specialising in attacks against enemy airfields, the SAS
achieved some excellent results. On one occasion the SAS second-incommand,
Paddy Mayne, led a raid which destroyed 40 Italian aircraft. Stirling was
allowed to expand his force, which attracted a stream of volunteers,
incorporating such diverse elements as French paratroops, the Greek Sacred
Squadron, the Special Boat Squadron, and the Special Interrogation Group (which
comprised native-speaking Germans opposed to Nazism).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Desert patrols </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Captain Pleydell, an SAS medical officer, found membership
of this unusual organisation an interesting change from more conventional duties:
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Although life was free
and easy in the mess) discipline was required for exercises and operations. On
the operation in which I was involved) our patrol would make long detours south
of the battle line and then loop up north to within striking distance of an
airfield or similar target. Camouflage had to be expert) so that when you hid
up you couldn’t be detected ~ even at close distance. Slow-flying enemy
aircraft could follow our tracks to our hiding places and they represented a
real threat. It was a hit-and-run) hide-and-seek type of war. </i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Working alongside the more organised of the private armies
were individuals engaged in undercover work in Libya. One of the more colourful
of these people was Vladimir Peniakoff, a man of Russo-Belgian descent who,
after service in the French army during World War I, ended up as an engineer
working in Egypt. On the outbreak of World War 11 he managed to secure a
commission in the British army, and undertook special operations behind enemy
lines. Initially, Peniakoff - nicknamed Popski by the British - worked with
Libyan Arabs hostile to the Axis, but with help from the LRDG he expanded his
organization - which became 'Popski's private army' - and instigated sabotage
raids on Axis positions. One of the most successful raids involved the
destruction of 100,000 gallons of petrol, the commodity the German panzer
divisions so desperately needed.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Montgomery's disdain </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Unlike his predecessors, Montgomery did not have a very high
opinion of the groups of special forces roaming the desert. In particular, he
was not keen on having his best men and NCOs poached by the SAS. John Hackett -
after being wounded at Gazala - was appointed to act as a liaison officer
between high command and the various private armies. He found their leaders, 'a
very varied list of prima donnas. My job was to try and make special operations
comprehensible and palatable to senior officers, which took a lot of doing
because they were not an easy lot to keep under full control.' </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In one attempt to secure volunteers, Hackett and David
Stirling met with Montgomery just prior to the battle at Alamein. Montgomery
was not impressed with Stirling's entreaties and, according to Hackett,
Montgomery replied: 'What makes you think, Stirling, that these men will fight
better under your command than undermine. And, anyway, they won't be ready for
the battle [Alamein].' I couldn't resist saying, 'Well, they may not be trained
in time for the next battle, but they will be trained for the one after that
and the battles to follow.' </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
This was too much for Monty. He hammered the map at Alamein
and said, 'There will be no other battle in Africa. This is going to be the
last battle. My mandate is to destroy Rommel, and I propose to destroy him,' he
said tapping the Alamein position, 'just here.' David, who was never well known
for his obsequiousness, said: 'Oh yes, General, but the last general told us
something like that, and the one before him too.' </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Not surprisingly, Stirling did not receive his recruits.
This anecdotal exchange typified the deep difference between the freewheeling
special forces soldier and the professional general. Although the private
armies did do good work on the flanks, Montgomery knew that only by defeating
the Axis in a major battle could the desert war be won. And as he explained to
Hackett and Stirling, the battle would be won or lost at Alamein.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-13728797650050229162015-07-26T13:45:00.000+08:002015-07-26T13:45:46.820+08:00No 112 Sqn<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBhfKkYmAK-GSdWVYizit-Vgs5hyphenhyphenj13abzeS9EyBk8Dg7hu9Vt4Xk1roYWHZokOSIJz5K6N-gYsOXmHuOFmQSq_hSXj6o-a_kiY5wbQ9w1kpIPuk5m_ObTZoZrDkwWFEmQqHmeSGbUkdyc/s1600/112SQN+Kittyhawks.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="146" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBhfKkYmAK-GSdWVYizit-Vgs5hyphenhyphenj13abzeS9EyBk8Dg7hu9Vt4Xk1roYWHZokOSIJz5K6N-gYsOXmHuOFmQSq_hSXj6o-a_kiY5wbQ9w1kpIPuk5m_ObTZoZrDkwWFEmQqHmeSGbUkdyc/s400/112SQN+Kittyhawks.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="text-align: center;">
<i><b>Shark-mouthed Kittyhawks of 112SQN RAF.</b> </i></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The squadron was re-formed 16 May 1939 on board the aircraft
carrier HMS Argus for service in Egypt. It was based initially at RAF Helwan.
On 26 May, "B" Flight was detached and sent to Sudan. The squadron
did not receive its aircraft, obsolescent Gloster Gladiator biplane fighters,
until June. After Italy<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>entered the war,
on 10 June 1940, the squadron was almost immediately in action, defending Egypt
from Italian bombers. "B" Flight became part of No. 14 Squadron RAF
on 30 June.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In January 1941, the squadron joined Allied forces defending
Greece, providing air cover and offensive support over Albania. It later took
part in fierce dogfights as part of the air defence of the Athens area. With
the collapse of the Allied campaign on the Greek mainland, 112 Sqn withdrew to
Crete and then to Egypt, from where it rejoined the North African Campaign,
supporting the Eighth Army.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For much of the remainder of the war, the squadron was part
of No. 239 Wing, along with No. 3 Squadron RAAF, No. 250 Squadron RAF and/or
No. 450 Squadron RAAF. For the Allied invasion of Sicily (Operation Husky) on
July 10, 1943, No. 239 Wing consisted of these four squadrons and No.260
Squadron as part of Air Vice Marshal Harry Broadhurst's Desert Air Force, an
element of Air Marshal Sir Arthur Coningham's Northwest African Tactical Air
Force in the Northwest African Air Forces of Lt. Gen. Carl Spaatz, one of the
major sub-commands of the Mediterranean Air Command under Air
Commander-in-Chief Air Chief Marshal Sir Arthur Tedder.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During July 1941, the squadron was one of the first in the
world to become operational with the P-40 Tomahawk, which it used in both the
fighter and ground attack role, with the Air Headquarters, Western Desert.
Inspired by the unusually large air inlet on the P-40, the squadron began to
emulate the "shark mouth" logo used on some German Messerschmitt Bf
110s of Zerstörer Geschwader 76 earlier in the war. This practice was later
followed by P-40 units in other parts of the world (including the Flying
Tigers, American volunteers serving with the Chinese Air Force). In December,
the Tomahawks were replaced by the updated P-40 Kittyhawk, which the squadron
used for the remainder of its time in North Africa, often as a fighter bomber.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The squadron during this time included a significant number
of personnel from the air forces of Poland, Australia, Canada and New Zealand.
Another member was the English ace Neville Duke (later prominent as a test
pilot). For most of 1942, it was commanded by the highest-scoring Australian
ace of World War II, Clive Caldwell, the first Empire Air Training Scheme
graduate to command a British unit. He was succeeded by Billy Drake, the
highest-scoring RAF P-40 pilot and the second-highest-scoring British
Commonwealth P-40 pilot, behind Caldwell.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Later in the war, an increasing number of South African
pilots joined the unit.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
After the invasion of Sicily the squadron moved to bases
there, in July 1943, and onto the Italian mainland in September. In June 1944
the Kittyhawks were replaced by the Mustang Mark III and, from February 1945,
Mustang Mk IVs. The squadron remained in Italy as part of the occupying forces until
disbanding on 30 December 1946 at Treviso.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By the end of the war some 206 air victories had been
claimed by the Squadron, and 62 destroyed on the ground.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-87668837221448031192015-07-26T13:35:00.003+08:002015-07-26T13:35:55.556+08:00Xmas – the western desert - 1941<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXd5kx1BlNKDkVimVRWSWJAmgBtaEV2gcKY6t1SGQbN7CLnZxM5bI5rQkGw7Oq5-KDHUR3HXRmEGhHXqGRPSfeXLJzFtBZiefNKOjH3bxt2pqBnJ-A4VLn8Wtz9tj4CJ3xtjANv8p43Q7d/s1600/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0927-502%252C_Nordafrika%252C_Navarini%252C_Rommel%252C_Diesener.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="286" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXd5kx1BlNKDkVimVRWSWJAmgBtaEV2gcKY6t1SGQbN7CLnZxM5bI5rQkGw7Oq5-KDHUR3HXRmEGhHXqGRPSfeXLJzFtBZiefNKOjH3bxt2pqBnJ-A4VLn8Wtz9tj4CJ3xtjANv8p43Q7d/s400/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1982-0927-502%252C_Nordafrika%252C_Navarini%252C_Rommel%252C_Diesener.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<i>Alfred Gause (right), Chief of Staff to Erwin Rommel, speaks with the commander, Italian General Enea Navarini (left) and Colonel Paul Diesener (behind Rommel).</i><br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For the first time in his life, Rommel is on the retreat - a
mortifying experience. ‘How humble one learns to be,’ he says in a letter to
Lucie. His first halt is at the Gazala line, but the slow and panicky Italians,
largely unmotorized, are an encumbrance. He does not have the gasoline or
ammunition to fight back, and his best men are failing him. Neumann-Silkow lies
in a soldier’s grave. Summermann of the Ninetieth Light Division has also been
killed, by an RAF attack. Some of his surviving commanders are succumbing to
desert plagues. Even Cruwell is sick, infected by jaundice. And what will
become of the 14,000 troops he has left in strongpoints along the Sollum front
and in the Bardia fortress, now that the Panzer Group is moving ever farther away
from them toward the west? ‘Don’t worry,’ he writes to Lucie, I’m feeling okay
and hope my lucky star won’t leave me.’</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
And yet Rommel has by no means shot his bolt. During
December 1941 he proves that he is a master of the obstinate retreat. Probably
only combat soldiers can appreciate the size of Rommel’s achievement in having
retreated across nearly 300 miles in one month without serious loss to his
force, while still inflicting savage wounds on his tormentors. Yet although he
had salvaged the largely nonmotorized Italian troops, Bastico and his comrades
did not render appreciation. ‘Understandably,’ mocked Rommel in a letter, ‘these
would-be warlords have pulled wry faces. It’s easy to criticize.’ </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Praise for Rommel reached him from an unusual quarter. The
Afrika Korps diary for December 17 had stated: ‘According to subsequent
dispatches of the U.S. ambassador in Cairo, we had driven straight through the
British Twenty-second Armored Brigade. He describes it as a masterpiece.’ </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
How did Rommel know what the American ambassador to Egypt
was putting in his dispatches? In September, Italian agents had burglarized the
U.S. Embassy in Rome and photographed its copy of the ‘Black Code.’ For many
months thereafter, Italian and German code breakers could eavesdrop on top
secret American communications. Of sensational value were the reports sent to
the War Department in Washington by the military attache in Cairo, Colonel
Bonner Fellers, because he was a perceptive battlefield observer and kept
himself abreast of all the English army’s plans against Rommel and its expectations
of the Panzer Group’s next moves. This was a tremendous advantage to Rommel and
helps explain his coming triumph. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Rommel - normally not overly security conscious - kept these
‘little fellers,’ as he engagingly termed the American dispatches, close to his
chest. There is no mention of them in his diaries (or even his memoirs). Hitler
knew about them, however. ‘Let’s hope that the U.S. legation in Cairo keeps us
well posted about Britain’s military planning, thanks to their poorly encoded
telegrams,’ he wisecracked to Hermann Goring over lunch one day in June 1942.
One of Rommel’s intelligence staff recalls now: ‘Rommel used to wait for the
dispatches each evening. We just knew them as the ‘Good Source.’ When Fellers
reported to Washington, ‘The British are preparing to retreat, they are burning
secret papers,’ then Rommel would really see red - there was no holding him.’ </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
As yet Rommel’s preoccupation in January 1942 was survival.
But he was growing ever more sanguine. He knew that time was now in his favor.
Under Field Marshal Albert Kesselring, a new air force had arrived in the
Mediterranean, and squadrons based in Sicily were neutralizing Malta by air
raids. U-boats were harassing the British fleet. Rommel wrote approvingly on
January 4, ‘Kesselring’s coming to see me again today. We’re both now working
hand in glove.’ And the next day: ‘We’re gradually getting more materiel over
here. He’s really knocking the stuffing out of Malta.’ That was the day,
January 5, 1942, that nine merchant ships - escorted by no less than four
Italian battleships - safely docked at Tripoli and unloaded over fifty tanks
for Rommel, and 2000 tons of aviation fuel. This was Hitler’s New Year’s gift
to his favorite commander. ‘If today’s convoy succeeds in getting through,’
Hitler told General Gause - his guest for lunch in his bunker headquarters – ‘then
the British are going to have to look out!’ A few minutes later Gause
commented, ‘It was a relief for us to learn of Japan’s entry into the war.’
Hitler was at that time unperturbed by the fact that he was also at war with
the United States, and commented to Gause: ‘Yes, a relief. But also a turning
point in history. It means the loss of a whole continent, India. And that we
must regret, because it is the white race that is the loser.’ </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
For several days Rommel toured his units, digging in along
the line at Mersa Brega…</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-85709841027280411322015-07-14T13:30:00.003+08:002016-03-10T13:40:05.312+08:00OPERATION COMPASS<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN7vyrmNMJjDJCSzzX6B5OSqI75VkNfpiKtWQ_9388VoMC1N9M0xZi8RjZ0vvz2CohSuMBSVDOZKocITDrkIvi6BFFskgI1I4Mth5KI-GYCX4vWutmnNuJbu0Xic9HZjWkbfpCNc8-T_Fy/s1600/AfricaMap1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="150" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN7vyrmNMJjDJCSzzX6B5OSqI75VkNfpiKtWQ_9388VoMC1N9M0xZi8RjZ0vvz2CohSuMBSVDOZKocITDrkIvi6BFFskgI1I4Mth5KI-GYCX4vWutmnNuJbu0Xic9HZjWkbfpCNc8-T_Fy/s400/AfricaMap1.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<b><i><br /></i></b>
<br />
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<b><i>A Matilda tank of the 7th Royal Tank Regiment in the Western Desert.</i></b></div>
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Fighting began with a desultory and ill-prepared Italian
advance into Egypt from Tripoli that ended in disaster for Italy. The British
struck back in Operation COMPASS starting on December 8, 1940. The British
counteroffensive saw a breakthrough assault by the Western Desert Force at Sidi
Barrani, 60 miles inside the Egyptian border. In the first week of January
1941, Major General Richard O’Connor sent freshly arrived Australians into
their first offensive action in the desert at Bardia . More sharp fighting and
additional Italian defeats followed at Tobruk and Beda Fomm in February.
O’Connor hoped to press the attack to Benghazi, but was held back by shortages
of supplies and men as he reached the end of a stretched logistical
tether—pulled even thinner because Britain simultaneously mounted another
assault on the Italian empire in East Africa. The Western Desert Force thus
halted at El Agheila. It had lost just over 1,700 total casualties while inflicting
over 130,000 Italian casualties, killed or wounded or taken prisoner. The
cumulative effect of COMPASS was destruction of Italian 10th Army and large
stocks of Regio Esercito war matériel. The Western Desert Force also advanced
nearly 500 miles, the first of several lateral movements across the top of
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quickly turned into comparable or even worse reverses.<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
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By January 1941, with Operation Compass exceeding all
expectations, Churchill began to press the case for Greece once again. British
intelligence had discerned that a Wehrmacht invasion was in the offing, though
its precise timing was a matter of conjecture.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Armed with this information, the Prime Minister sent a note to General
‘Pug’ Ismay, his trusted assistant and go-between with the Chiefs of
Staff.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>'It is quite clear to me that
supporting Greece must have priority after the Western flank of Egypt has been
made secure,’ he wrote. Three days later, Wavell - who was at this point
overseeing O’Connor’s advance towards Tobruk and Benghazi - was told in
unequivocal terms that Greece was hence- forth to take precedence over all
other operations in his command. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The general did not attempt to conceal his dismay. In a
cable to London, he argued that the German concentration in Romania was merely
‘a move in the war of nerves' designed both to prop up the Italians and to
induce the Chiefs of Staff to arrest the advance in Libya and 'disperse our forces
in the Middle East ...<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>We trust the COS
will reconsider whether the enemy's move is not bluff'. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
In Whitehall, the Director of Military Operations, Major
General John Kennedy, strongly sympathised with Wavell’s reluctance to divert
forces from the desert to Greece.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He
made an appointment to see Dill, the CIGS and his immediate superior. Insisting
that his team judged that ‘at least twenty divisions, plus a considerable
airforce' would be needed simply to hold Salonika, let alone to confront a
full-scale Wehrmacht invasion, he argued tartly that the Germans' could overrun
Greece with the utmost ease if they wanted to do so', and concluded that ‘we
stood more to gain by winning the African coast for ourselves than by denying
Greece to the Germans.' Kennedy did not prevail. The Chiefs of Staff sided with
Churchill, whose response to Wavell was brusquely dismissive. </div>
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<br /></div>
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'Our information contradicts the idea that German
concentration in Roumania is merely a "move in the war of nerves" or
"a bluff to cause dispersion of forces",' he told Wavell in a cable
on 10 January.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>On the contrary, there was
‘a mass of detail' confirming that the build-up was the prelude to an early
and’ deadly' onslaught against Greece which would 'eclipse victories you have gained
in Libya'. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Instructing his Middle East commander-in-chief to 'conform your
plans to larger interest at stake', he peremptorily closed off further discussion
with the words, ‘We expect and require prompt and active compliance with our
decisions, for which we bear full responsibility.' As a loyal soldier, Wavell
had little choice but to obey or resign.</div>
<br /><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV9aQI9JkdpJcY8GaEft9FE43MxpfFzuL5Ozjl0iaXxWFggSdBxPGCQimBuaLHksw1JOFufxaiowTzfM-Vp_mjEC27yUOb8b_rqWs0VjjG9jzqUVuKapPL3IRPt4ARKYi5I6P_8mivkws2/s1600/bzfgb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV9aQI9JkdpJcY8GaEft9FE43MxpfFzuL5Ozjl0iaXxWFggSdBxPGCQimBuaLHksw1JOFufxaiowTzfM-Vp_mjEC27yUOb8b_rqWs0VjjG9jzqUVuKapPL3IRPt4ARKYi5I6P_8mivkws2/s400/bzfgb.jpg" width="287" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Desert Rats </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The nickname Desert Rats was applied to at least three
British army organizations that were instrumental in the North African
Campaigns against the Italians and Erwin Rommel’s Afrika Korps. The name
derives from the jerboa, a nocturnal rodent native to North Africa, which hops
like a kangaroo. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The 4th Armoured Brigade, which was formed in Egypt in 1938,
before the outbreak of war but after the Munich Conference and Agreement, has
traditionally claimed to be the first British unit to have adopted the
sobriquet Desert Rats. However, the 7th Armoured Division appropriated the name
and preceded the 4th Armoured Brigade back to England in preparation for the
Normandy landings (D-day). The 4th Armoured Brigade left North Africa and
participated in the fighting in Italy before returning to England prior to the
D-day invasion. When the 4th reached England, it discovered that the 7th was
not only calling itself the Desert Rats, but had created a divisional badge
featuring an image of a jerboa. Thus spurred, the 4th Armoured Brigade created
its own jerboa badge. Finally, the nickname the Desert Rats was also often
applied generally to the entire Eighth British Army to honor its combat success
against the Axis forces in North Africa.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-34372736806698474832015-07-14T13:14:00.002+08:002015-07-14T13:14:31.576+08:00Italian Army at Derna 1941<iframe allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="360" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/fWNjxOo4UrQ" width="480"></iframe>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The Italian Supreme Command moved quickly
to organize the "Special Armoured Brigade" (Brigata Corazzato
Speciale, or BCS) consisting of fifty-five M13/40 tanks, artillery pieces, and
supported by infantry formations specializing in the anti-tank role and sappers
equipped with anti-tank mines. In hardly more than a month, the Italians
dispatched this volunteer force under General Valentino Babini to North Africa.
The M13s in the BCS were a vast improvement to the M11s. They had a better
turret-mounted 47 mm tank gun which was more than able to pierce the armour of
the British light and cruiser tanks. However, other than command vehicles,
Italian tanks were not equipped with radios. Communicating for most Italian
tankers required the use of signal flags.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Bambini's tank force included the 3rd
Battalion and the 5th Battalion from the 131st "Centauro" Armoured
Division and should have amounted to at least one-hundred-and-twenty M13s. But
eighty-two tanks had just arrived at Benghazi and required ten days of "acclimatization"
prior to operation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">#</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Following the fall of Tobruk, HQ British
Troops Egypt was removed from the existing unwieldy line of command so that
O'Connor reported directly to Wavell at Middle East Command. O'Connor continued
the advance towards Derna with the Australian 6th Division while sending 7th
Armoured Division south of the Jebel Akhdar Mountains towards Mechili. On 24
January the 4th Armoured Brigade engaged armoured elements of BCS on the Derna
- Mechili track. While the British managed to destroy nine Italian tanks in the
battle, they themselves lost one cruiser and six light tanks. The 2/11th
Battalion first made contact with infantry of the BCS at the Derna airfield on
25 January and progress was difficult against particularly determined resistance.
In the Derna-Giovanni Berta area, held by the 60th "Sabratha"
Infantry Division and infantry elements of the BCS, there were fierce exchanges
with Italian counterattacks taking place around Wadi Derna. On 27 January, an
Australian battalion beat off a strong daylight attack from a force of at least
a thousand Italians. That same day, concealed soldiers of the BCS ambushed a
column of armoured vehicles of the 6th Cavalry Regiment and took three of the
survivors prisoner. The advance of other units further to the south of the Wadi
Derna eventually threatened the BCS with encirclement and it disengaged on the
night of 28 January. Derna, a town of 10,000 residents itself was captured on
26 January. Precise casualty figures for the fighting for Derna and Giovanni
Berta have not been compiled but at least 15 Australians were killed fighting
the BCS and "Sabratha" Division. The Italians lost a good part of the
60th "Sabratha" Infantry Division in the fighting.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Italian
OOB at Derna January 1941</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Italian defenders consisted of the 60th
Bersaglieri Motorcycle Battalion and the 21st Light Tank Battalion, both part
of the 60th Sabratha Division.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Raggruppamento
Maletti</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The Maletti Group (Raggruppamento Maletti)
was an ad hoc "mechanized" unit formed by the Italian Royal Army
(Regio Esercito) in Italian North Africa (Africa Settentrionale Italiana, or
ASI) during the initial stages of the Western Desert Campaign of World War II.
The group was formed in June 1940 and was destroyed in December of the same
year.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The Maletti Group was commanded by General
Pietro Maletti and was part of the Libyan Corps, also known as the "Royal
Corps of Libyan Colonial Troops" (Regio Corpo Truppe Coloniali della
Libia). The group itself was composed of six battalions of Libyan infantry and
of two battalions of armor. The 2,500 Libyans were "mechanized" in
that they were transported in trucks. One armor battalion had thirty-five L3/33
and/or L3/35 tankettes. The other had thirty-five M11/39 medium tanks.[1]</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">During the very early stages of the North
African Campaign, the Maletti Group took part offensively in the Italian
invasion of Egypt and defensively during the British counterattack known as
Operation Compass. In September 1940, the group acted as a flank guard and led
the Italian advance from Libya into Egypt. By December, the group was in
defensive positions at the Nibiewa Camp near Sidi Barrani. Many of the armored
vehicles were "dug in" and acted as stationary pillboxes.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The Maletti group was considered the 3rd
Libyan Division in the initial Italian attack to Egypt, together with the 1st
Libyan Division Sibelle and the 2 Libyan Division Pescatori.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The Maletti Group was earmarked for early
destruction by the British. During the initial attack, Matilda infantry tanks
of the 7th Royal Tank Regiment exploited a hole in the Italian defensive
positions and attacked the Nibiewa camp from the rear. The Maletti Group was
destroyed and General Pietro Maletti was killed in action while trying to stop
the sudden attack:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The initial British assault would fall on
Nibeiwa Camp, where the only available Italian armoured unit was based, and it
achieved complete surprise. Raggruppamento Maletti, or Maletti Group, under
General Maletti, was an ad hoc formation consisting of 2,500 Libyan soldiers
and 2 Armoured Battalion, with thirty-five M11/39 medium tanks and thirty-five
L3/35 light tanks. It was earmarked for early destruction in the assault, which
commenced at 05:00hr with what appeared to be no more than another raid on the
eastern side of the camp. At 07:00, however, forty-eight Matilda tanks suddenly
appeared from the opposite side of the camp. They struck twenty-three unmanned
M11/39 tanks of the Maletti Group, which had been deployed to guard the unmined
entrance to the camp. The Italians were caught completely off guard and many
did not even reach their tanks, including General Maletti, who was killed
emerging from his dugout. They were slaughtered and their vehicles destroyed by
the British in less than ten minutes. The Italian artillery fought on valiantly,
firing on the Matildas and recording many hits, some at point-blank range - but
none penetrated their 70 mm of armour. The remaining Italian tanks were
captured intact, and the Libyan infantry, left practically defenceless, quickly
surrendered. The British had captured Nibeiwa and destroyed the only front-line
Italian armoured unit in less than five hours.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The Operation Compass attack on Maletti
Group was supported by 25 pounder artillery and Blenheim bombers and was
centred on the advance of Mk.II Matilda tanks. Within an hour of the onset of
combat Italian General Pietro Maletti was dead and 4,000 Italian soldiers (most
of them Libyan colonial troops) had surrendered. Within three days, the
attacking forces then moved west along the Via della Vittoria, through the
Halfaya Pass and captured Fort Capuzzo, Libya.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Brigata
Corazzata Speciale</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The Special Armored Brigade (Brigata
Corazzata Speciale, or BCS, or Babini Group, or Raggruppamento Babini) was an
ad hoc armored unit formed by the Italian Royal Army (Regio Esercito Italia) in
Italian North Africa (Africa Settentrionale Italiana, or ASI) during the
initial stages of the Western Desert Campaign of World War II. The group was
formed in late 1940 and was destroyed in February 1941.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">In late 1940, the Italian Supreme Command
(Commando Supremo) moved quickly to organize the Brigata Corazzata Speciale
(BCS). In hardly more than a month, the Italians dispatched this volunteer
force to North Africa under the command of General Valentino Babini. The BCS
included Italy's most up-to-date medium tanks, the M13/40.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The M13s were a vast improvement over the
M11/39s used as part of the Maletti Group (Raggruppamento Maletti). As opposed
to the M11s, the M13s had a superior turret-mounted 47 mm tank gun. This gun
was more than able to pierce the armor of the British light and cruiser tanks.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">The BCS included M13 tanks supported by
three Bersaglieri battalions, one motorcycle battalion, one artillery regiment,
two anti-tank gun companies, one engineering company, and several logistics
units. Unfortunately, other than command vehicles, the M13s of the BCS were not
equipped with radios. Communicating for most Italian tankers required the use
of signal flags.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">At Derna and Mechili, the BCS included
fifty-five M13/40 tanks of the 3rd Battalion and the 5th Battalion from the
131st "Centauro" Armored Division. This should have amounted to at
least one-hundred-and-twenty M13s. But eighty-two tanks had just arrived at
Benghazi and required ten days of "acclimazation" prior to operation.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">At Benghazi and Beda Fomm, the BCS included
almost one-hundred M13/40s.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-5111576013103828012015-05-19T12:16:00.002+08:002015-05-19T12:16:34.191+08:00Eastern Task Force - Algiers<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV1-jePMB6UkfpCnaonZoe4meRmS6kZQesENRxa5Q1rgXARD4R_YNpQamcS-Ofyq8uuk3E81Wv1MUUV7lt0H_KGk2tvIHgJt97I6XrS5fpR-AVQ22AXAQjKH_ezutiDtKacIj_nlKjqGxx/s1600/Near_Algiers,_'Torch'_troops_hit_the_beaches_behind_a_large_American_flag_'Left'_hoping_for_the_French_Army_not_fire..._-_NARA_-_195516.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="167" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjV1-jePMB6UkfpCnaonZoe4meRmS6kZQesENRxa5Q1rgXARD4R_YNpQamcS-Ofyq8uuk3E81Wv1MUUV7lt0H_KGk2tvIHgJt97I6XrS5fpR-AVQ22AXAQjKH_ezutiDtKacIj_nlKjqGxx/s400/Near_Algiers,_'Torch'_troops_hit_the_beaches_behind_a_large_American_flag_'Left'_hoping_for_the_French_Army_not_fire..._-_NARA_-_195516.jpg" width="400" /> </a></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Eastern Task Force had dropped anchor off
Algiers in the last hours of 7 November. Of the three TORCH task forces,
Eastern included the largest British proportion. Not only were naval and air
support British; so were 23,000 of the total 33,000 troops. The 10,000 U.S.
Army troops landing at Algiers would consist of Col. Benjamin F. Caffey, Jr.’s
39th Regimental Combat Team from the 9th Infantry Division; and Col. John W. O’
Daniel’s 168th Regimental Combat Team and Lt. Col. Edwin T. Swenson’s 3d
Battalion, 135th Infantry, both from the 34th Infantry Division. These American
units and all British Army units in the initial landing were under command of
U.S. Maj. Gen. Charles W. Ryder. Naval support included a Royal Navy flotilla
of 3 aircraft carriers, 4 cruisers, I antiaircraft vessel, 7 destroyers, and 15
transports. Enemy strength was estimated at 15,000 troops with only obsolete
tanks, 91 fighters and bombers at two airfields, 12 coastal batteries, and a
few destroyers in the harbor. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Both the geography and concept of
operations at Algiers closely resembled those of Oran. The city lay in an arc of
beaches and bluffs gradually rising to low hills ten miles inland. Allied
troops were to land at three points along a fifty-mile stretch of coast:
Beaches APPLES and BEER lay west of the city, Beach CHARLIE east. After
clearing the beaches, the troops would take all roads, villages, and two
airfields; then converge behind Algiers; and move on the city from three sides.
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<span lang="EN-GB">Landings in the Algiers area met mixed
success. The British 11th Infantry Brigade Group came across Beach APPLES on
time and without mishap, the smoothest of all TORCH landings. By 0700 the unit had
moved twelve miles inland and taken its objective, Blida airfield. But at Beach
BEER a variety of problems—high surf, boat crew inexperience, absent beach
guides, engine failures—scattered the 168th Team over fifteen miles of
coastline and delayed the British 6th Commando over five hours. Fortunately,
landings at APPLES and BEER were unopposed. At Beach CHARLIE, however, coastal
batteries fired on transports as the landing craft neared shore. Naval gunfire
responded, but then high surf scattered 39th Regimental Combat Team boats,
smashing some against coastal rocks. Leaving the boats, most troops found,
instead of gradually rising ground, a vertical bluff with stairs cut for
sightseers. Overcoming all these difficulties, the troops of the 39th Team
moved eight miles inland and took the airfield at Maison Blanche by 0830. But
for the rest of the day a fierce battle raged with a French marine artillery
battery. Royal Navy surface and air units eventually prevailed, though Axis
bombers managed to damage a transport and destroyer. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">As at Oran, the British insisted on an
antisabotage mission into the heart of the objective area. Operation TERMINAL
called for Colonel Swenson’s 3d Battalion, 135th Infantry, to enter Algiers
harbor on two Royal Navy destroyers, debark, and secure port facilities for
future Allied operations. As the two ships moved toward the bay at 0140 on
D-day, TERMINAL began to resemble the RESERVIST disaster at Oran. The first
ship soon drew a searchlight beam, then hostile fire which drove it back to sea
in flames with thirty-five casualties. Ignoring its sister ship’s fate, the
other vessel ran through the intense fire, tied up along a breakwater, and
debarked Swenson and half of his battalion. By 0800 the troops had secured
several objectives and seemed on the verge of success when the ship, waiting
for their return, came under fire. A few men made it aboard as the ship pushed
off, but the rest of the unit was surrounded. When Swenson was forced to
surrender his force seven hours after entering the city, TERMINAL ended in
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<span lang="EN-GB">Algiers presented the Allies with more than
military objectives. As headquarters for French forces in all of North Africa,
the city incorporated a political character which Allied commanders did not
find at other landing sites. Since the fall of France this political aspect had
become especially tangled, with the French military deeply fragmented and local
commanders promoting various responses to TORCH. For Allied commanders on the
ground Algiers was a political maze in which a turn toward one French unit
might result in a champagne reception while a turn in a different direction
might land one in a deadly firelight. This confusion manifested with
frustrating clarity for the 168th Regimental Combat Team on its seven-mile
advance from Beach BEER to Algiers. On the morning of D-day Colonel O’ Daniel’s
men were met by French troops openly assisting the advance. But around noon the
pro-American French commander was replaced by a pro-Nazi officer, and the 168th
found itself receiving intense fire from soldiers of the same French units. </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Amid confused action in the field,
negotiations for a cease-fire continued. On D-day a representative of President
Roosevelt had delivered a message to Marshal Petain in Vichy requesting
cooperation with all Allied landings. Under close Nazi supervision, Petain had
to refuse but authorized Admiral Jean Francois Darlan, commander of all French
forces, to act as he saw fit. Darlan let the invasion continue until further
resistance was hopeless, then allowed his deputy at Algiers to meet General
Ryder. Algiers was the first of the three TORCH objectives to put a cease-fire
into effect, at 2000 on 8 November. Unfortunately, the agreement there did not
apply to other areas. French headquarters in Oran agreed to a separate
cease-fire only at 1215 on 10 November. At Casablanca, however, the French did
not send out a cease-fire order until 1910 on the 10th, and sniper fire
continued for days after. The successful end to TORCH brought much relief to
Washington and London but left American and British commanders suspicious about
the potential of the French as battlefield allies.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-77787803171946427352015-05-19T12:13:00.001+08:002015-05-19T12:13:31.569+08:00Picture of Afrika Bf 110 with 30mm canon<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv3MHGNrPm-eqKH6OwJSAGJnlJhloW7PHR5vNNy_n5KVXG2Tjfmk1TnkzEfpL_Cu6s6PofZwPE_KI7wzPUtLsWODpfdAqSBLlfZLpBdz2mvEBgyXLPquVaWCyBk8YNQ4sGuoTHwiX1OpT1/s1600/102c52301443891eb40cf5411b6a0d75.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="100" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiv3MHGNrPm-eqKH6OwJSAGJnlJhloW7PHR5vNNy_n5KVXG2Tjfmk1TnkzEfpL_Cu6s6PofZwPE_KI7wzPUtLsWODpfdAqSBLlfZLpBdz2mvEBgyXLPquVaWCyBk8YNQ4sGuoTHwiX1OpT1/s400/102c52301443891eb40cf5411b6a0d75.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">This is an old profile, and is incorrectly
captioned. It shows one of the three Bf 110 C-6s that were on charge with 8./ZG
26, with the third character codes of 'X', 'Y' and 'Z'. There were no 'E'
variants with the 30 mm Kanone. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Details on the Bf 110 C-6 are a little bit
more than 'thin on the ground'. Only 12 were ever built. C-6s were operational
with both SKG 210 and ZG 1 on the Russian front.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Erprobungsgruppe 210 also flew the Bf 110 E
variant during it short lifespan.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">– John Vasco</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-18196341038875182812015-05-14T00:44:00.000+08:002015-05-14T00:44:08.966+08:00Africa Korps in the Desert<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYV7VCy_vlOQv5llEoMuYYbpUFAc_Op85c8lNb4AFS1PNl-FSMR_p_WR-Vsmyz7KgWQxyVKnwe3-cbXR_5G1jkplpcrhDPJnbSs8HZMd1nkePrfsuuk49bRdYHO85EwOMPPj9xKV_6No8Z/s1600/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-785-0285-14A,_Nordafrika,_Soldat_mit_Sandschutz.2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYV7VCy_vlOQv5llEoMuYYbpUFAc_Op85c8lNb4AFS1PNl-FSMR_p_WR-Vsmyz7KgWQxyVKnwe3-cbXR_5G1jkplpcrhDPJnbSs8HZMd1nkePrfsuuk49bRdYHO85EwOMPPj9xKV_6No8Z/s1600/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-785-0285-14A,_Nordafrika,_Soldat_mit_Sandschutz.2.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 5"/>
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The war was fought in North Africa, primarily in the rocky
desert plain of Cyrenaica, modern day Libya. From the coast of North Africa
extending inland lies a raised, flat plain of stoney hard desert that runs 200
to 300 km in depth until the great dunes of the Sahara are reached. The war was
largely fought in this region. Traversed by the nomadic Bedoins, the region is
sparsely populated. The ground is a flat, hard scrabble with little or no
cover, and difficult for infantry to dig into. Conditions in the desert were
harsh: miserably hot during the day, while temperatures dropped precipitously
at night. The great coats of the German soldier were not discarded, nor were
scarfs, which were used not only for the cold of the desert night, but for the
sand storms that were frequent and blinding. Sand storms made flying
impossible, and travel by land difficult. Navigation was by compass, and each
man had one. It was easy to become lost in the desert, and hard to be found
again. The sand storms could last from a few hours to several days at a time.
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Trucks were fitted with special oil filters. Aircraft had
heavily modified air intakes fitted. British built trucks were more rugged and
durable in the desert than German or Italian vehicles. At times, as much as 85%
of the transport in the Africa Korps was British built. Of course, this meant
that spare parts for the trucks the Germans were using were hard to come by. To
fight an armoured war in the desert, the two essential provisions were fuel and
water. Neither of these were readily available. They had to be brought forward
to the combat units, and husbanded carefully. Only the Bedoins knew where to dig
in the desert for water. Beyond these difficulties, the hardest thing for the
men to deal with were the flies. The millions of flies got into everything,
could not be escaped and got into the food stores, making eating difficult.
They also carried disease. Illness amongst the Afrika Korps was a major issue.
On the British side, a variety of foods were supplied in tins. For the Germans,
food was monotonous and available unevenly. Between the disease, the unvaried
diet and the strain of combat, soldiers in the Axis camp typically became quite
thin.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-64854891586833837232015-05-10T18:00:00.003+08:002015-05-10T18:00:58.224+08:00Battle of Alam Halfa, (31 August–7 September 1942) <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3xMe5nNnr02VHkM19N8J_4-TM88PuJ5W0oVONlqBHT6b8eN3lGZk3CMbgByvLQx7IWLBhQ2OyYdjoB0s00inigXFmOlTOfkAd1xRwu7Es90BgODVfnBO7EBCpIUbifbZ_nTMIZUkbl_zS/s1600/the_afrikan_korps___battle_of_alam_el_halfa_by_rainamechan-d5br8to.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3xMe5nNnr02VHkM19N8J_4-TM88PuJ5W0oVONlqBHT6b8eN3lGZk3CMbgByvLQx7IWLBhQ2OyYdjoB0s00inigXFmOlTOfkAd1xRwu7Es90BgODVfnBO7EBCpIUbifbZ_nTMIZUkbl_zS/s400/the_afrikan_korps___battle_of_alam_el_halfa_by_rainamechan-d5br8to.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX2jHyQ_vVfXQGoltwo91AEuRF2DuxsXlQ2av3z2QBgH7N7z2zyp6vH62OeVN3ZEHjHev6JPSQCawFLkKyXOApjB4sC0XcI08uEmnAPpXlpoE2OSGAfqY-I9hZWIHUjHC9vrMHn5LJgYrU/s1600/Karte_-_Schlacht_bei_Alam_Halfa_(1942).png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjX2jHyQ_vVfXQGoltwo91AEuRF2DuxsXlQ2av3z2QBgH7N7z2zyp6vH62OeVN3ZEHjHev6JPSQCawFLkKyXOApjB4sC0XcI08uEmnAPpXlpoE2OSGAfqY-I9hZWIHUjHC9vrMHn5LJgYrU/s400/Karte_-_Schlacht_bei_Alam_Halfa_(1942).png" width="277" /></a></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Commencing on August 31, 1942, a month
after the German Panzerarmee Afrika was checked at the Battles of El Alamein,
Alam el Halfa was Erwin Rommel’s final attempt to break through to the Nile
valley in continuation of his frustrated drive across Cyrenaica and western
Egypt. Leading the British Eighth Army, Gen. Sir Bernard Law Montgomery
deployed his forces near Alam el Halfa, an east-west ridge astride Rommel’s
path of advance. On the first day of battle, three German armored divisions
defeated British forces, turning the Eighth Army’s southern flank. However,
Montgomery rallied an extraordinary defense—considered by military historians a
textbook example of the modern repulse—and, coordinating armor and infantry
with air and artillery support, stopped Rommel at the ridge. By the fourth day
of the battle, Rommel had been forced into retreat, redeploying his armor in a
defensive line running north and south. The battle was over by September 7, by
which time Rommel, checked again, had lost significantly more than the 1,750
casualties (killed and wounded) suffered by the Eighth Army.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">#</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">North African battle between German Field
Marshal Erwin Rommel’s Afrika Korps and British Lieutenant General Bernard Law
Montgomery’s Eighth Army. Fearful that he would permanently lose the initiative
to the Eighth Army after his advance was halted at the First Battle of El
Alamein in July 1942, Rommel reorganized with the intention of resuming his
advance toward Suez. Meanwhile, Montgomery assumed command of the British
Eighth Army on 13 August and began planning for the offensive, all the while
expecting Rommel to attack first. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-GB">Late on the evening of 30 August, Rommel
attempted, as at Gazala, to get around Eighth Army’s left flank although his
force was weak in armor. With diversionary attacks designed to hold British
forces along the coast, Rommel ordered the Afrika Korps east and south of Alam
Halfa Ridge with the aim of swinging north to the Mediterranean coast behind
Montgomery and enveloping the Eighth Army. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">The Eighth Army had established a defense
in depth, including strong positions on the Alam Halfa and Ruweisat Ridges, and
Montgomery rejected any withdrawal. The 10th Armored Division, 22nd Armored
Brigade, and 44th Division defended Alam Halfa, while the 7th Armored Division
was south of the ridge. Montgomery ordered his armored units to defend from
their current positions rather than advancing to meet Rommel’s Panzers. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Slowed by British minefields and fuel
shortages, Rommel’s tanks did not reach Alam Halfa until the evening of 31
August. Daylight brought vicious Desert Air Force attacks against the Axis
advance, and the 7th Armored Division’s placement forced Rommel to swing north
prematurely, into the teeth of a tank brigade on Alam Halfa Ridge. Fuel
shortages prevented the Afrika Korps from outflanking Alam Halfa to the east,
forcing Rommel onto the defensive there. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">On 1 September, after a flank assault on
the 22nd Armored Brigade failed and having suffered severe losses, Rommel
ordered his forces to retire to their original positions. The withdrawal, which
began the next day, exposed the Afrika Korps to further devastating British
aerial attacks. Rommel repulsed a counterattack by the 2nd New Zealand Division
on the evening of 3 September, and Montgomery believed that he lacked the
resources to force a general Axis withdrawal, so he decided not to press his
advantage for the time being. Certainly Rommel’s past successes made Montgomery
wary of pushing too far forward. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Montgomery had fought his first battle as
commander of Eighth Army with great skill. Rommel now had no choice but to go
on the defensive. He established positions between the Mediterranean and the
Qattara Depression as both sides prepared for the Eighth Army’s upcoming
offensive: the Second Battle of El Alamein.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-GB">Historically, the victory here is
significant as an outstanding instance of ground-air coordination and the
exploitation of intelligence. British breakthroughs in the decryption of the
enemy’s coded communication proved crucial to the triumph at Alam el Halfa. On
August 15, 1942, Rommel, using the Enigma cipher, transmitted his plan of
action—to effect a breakthrough to Cairo and the Nile—to Adolf Hitler. Within
48 hours, Montgomery had a decrypted translation of this message. Learning that
Rommel intended to move south around the end of the British line, then strike
the British flank to cut off the Eighth Army from its base and supplies,
Montgomery was able to deploy his forces at the Alam el Halfa ridge and check
the German advance.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-GB">Further
reading:</span></b><span lang="EN-GB"> Hinsley, F. H., and Alan Stripp, eds.
Codebreakers: The Inside Story of Bletchley Park. New York: Oxford University
Press, 2001; McCarthy, Peter, and Mike Syron. Panzerkrieg: The Rise and Fall of
Hitler’s Tank Divisions. New York: Carroll & Graf, 2002. Stewart, Adrian.
Eighth Army’s Greatest Victories: Alam Halfa to Tunis 1942–1943. London: Leo
Cooper, 1999; Stewart, Adrian. North African Victory: The 8th Army from Alam
Halfa to Tunis, 1942–43. London: Penguin UK, 2002.</span></div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-73195005980009939972015-04-15T20:36:00.000+08:002015-04-15T20:36:01.803+08:00Desert Campaign AFVs<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<div class="MsoNormal">
One of the myths of World War II is that the Germans enjoyed
superiority in numbers as well as quality of tanks. This is simply untrue. What
the Germans possessed was a better mix of vehicles for the circumstances, a
superior tactical doctrine for their employment, and more effective leadership.
In the end better Allied equipment and, above all, superior numbers simply
overwhelmed the German forces.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Italians had a well-developed armor doctrine that
closely paralleled the Germans' blitzkrieg. They planned to utilize medium
tanks to punch holes in enemy lines while light tanks served as the exploiting
arm. Early on, especially in the fighting in North Africa, the Italians lacked
mobile artillery, although their later self-propelled guns, the Semovente,
helped make up for this. The Italian artillery doctrine of fuoco da manovra
(fire and maneuver) called for artillery and antitank guns to be located close
to the front line supported by infantry. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The chief deficiency in Italian armored doctrine was the
lack of tactical air support, the consequence of Italy's embrace of Guilio
Douhet's doctrine of strategic bombing. Other handicaps included a lack of radio
equipment in the tanks. As with the French, Italian tank crews communicated in
battle primarily with flags. Italian forces were also not as well trained as
the Germans. As two scholars have summed up, "Italy had developed the
concepts but lacked the materiel to implement them."</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Allies understood the important role tanks could play in
stiffening the resolve of infantry. They also introduced some numbers, albeit
insufficient, of assault guns and self-propelled antitank guns working with the
infantry. Such weapons came to play a key role in armored warfare, as did
development of larger high-velocity guns to defeat improved armor protection. </div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Following its 3 September 1939 declaration of war against
Germany, Britain deployed only a single tank brigade to France with the BEF. In
the experience of the defeat of France and the subsequent Italian invasion of
Egypt, British leaders at last realized the necessity of building a large
armored force. Prime Minister Winston Churchill called for the creation of 10
armored divisions by the end of 1941, and the government launched a crash
program to build the tanks required to equip them. Much might have been saved
had this decision been taken earlier. </div>
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<br /></div>
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The Allies' problem was that they did not fully understand
or appreciate the use of combined arms, especially the concept of tanks and
antitank guns working in concert. It took the 1940 Battle for France and
serious reversals in the North African desert for the British to understand
this. British armor doctrine provided that infantry tanks, armed basically with
machine guns, would operate in support of infantry that would punch a hole
through enemy lines. Cruiser tanks would then push through the gap, operating
independently of infantry and other arms in a cavalry-type role. For example,
in Operation CRUSADER in North Africa during November 1941, the British 7th
Armored Division operated essentially alone, without infantry or supporting
artillery. In the early fighting in North Africa the British incorrectly
assumed that the Germans used tanks to destroy other tanks, whereas German
armored doctrine assigned that task to antitank guns while the tanks were to
destroy infantry. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Major General Eric Dorman-Smith summed up early British
generalship in North Africa with these words: </div>
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<br /></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In the Middle East
Command, during the autumn of 1941, there arose the tactical heresy which
propounded that armour alone counted in the Desert battle, therefore British
armour should discover and destroy the enemy's equivalent armour, after which
decision the unarmoured infantry divisions would enter the arena to clear up
what remained and hold the ground gained.</i></div>
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Only through the crucible of experience did the British
Eighth Army learn how to conduct mobile warfare effectively. In North Africa,
both sides learned to keep their tanks waiting in cover, rarely firing on the
move. The commander of Germany's Afrika Korps, General Erwin Rommel, employed
his antitank guns and field artillery in an offensive role, pushing them as far
to the front as possible, where they could be employed against British tanks
and strongpoints. When on the move, the Germans dispersed their antitank guns
among the length of the march column so they could be quickly deployed. </div>
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<br /></div>
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During the attack Germans invariably opened up first with
artillery and antitank guns. The tanks would then advance as quickly as
possible until within range of enemy positions. The leading tanks were
accompanied by 105mm howitzers and field guns operating in a direct support
role as highly trained infantry worked in close concert to reduce enemy
antitank defenses. If Commonwealth forces counterattacked with tanks, the
German antitank guns, infantry, and artillery were in position to work in
concert to destroy them. These tactics were amply demonstrated during British
reversals at the hands of Axis forces in North Africa in 1941-1942. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Although the Germans perfected this system, they could not
overcome the Allies' overwhelming superiority in numbers of tanks at the start
of the Battle of El Alamein in late October 1942. Also, the British generals,
who initially failed to comprehend the concept of mobile mechanized warfare,
corrected their earlier tactics with new equipment. Not until after Alam Halfa
did the British have widely available in Eighth Army the new 6-pounder antitank
gun, a weapon that could stop the German panzers. Major General William H.
Gott, commander of 7th Armoured Division in Eighth Army, was largely
responsible for the belated British policy of breaking down the traditional,
rigid British organizations into combined all-arms groups, a process that
became standard in the British Army. General Bernard L. Montgomery summed up
the importance of combined arms in tank warfare with these words: "I
cannot emphasize too strongly that victory in battle depends not on armoured
action alone, but on the intimate cooperation of all arms; the tank by itself
can achieve little." The Americans would have to learn the same lesson for
themselves in 1943.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-22532472017538763712015-04-15T20:25:00.001+08:002015-04-15T20:25:23.567+08:00Colours of the Crusader <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Though most of the initial defects were overcome to an
extent, the Crusader, as it was named in. late 1940, always suffered from
unreliability and the speed and urgency with which it was rushed into
production did not allow long development trials, particularly for desert
operations, where the Crusader became the principal British tank from Spring
1941 onwards. It first saw action near Capuzzo in June 1941, was prominent in
all the major North African desert actions which followed, and was still in
service, in its later 6pdr-armed form at the time of the Battle of Alamein in
October 1942, though by then in the process of being displaced by
American-built M3 and M4 mediums (qv). The last Crusaders in North Africa were
finally withdrawn from first line use in May 1943, but the type was used for
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The Crusader was designed just too late to incorporate any
of the lessons learned in the early tank actions in France in 1940, but several
modifications resulted from trials with the prototype. These included removal
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ventilated and of limited value, which also simplified production. This turret
was also removed retrospectively from many Mk I vehicles in service, and the
space allowed extra ammunition stowage. It was also possible to increase the
armour thickness slightly on hull and turret front. Finally, the Mk III version
was up-gunned with a 6pdr replacing the 2pdr. The Germans respected the
Crusader for its speed, but it was no match for the PzKw III with 50mm gun, its
main desert opponent, in hitting power, armour thickness, or serviceability.
The German 55mm, 75mm and 88mm antitank guns also had no trouble in picking off
Crusaders in the desert fighting.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-20366173696824098432015-03-26T14:57:00.003+08:002015-03-26T14:57:46.617+08:00Stanislaw Skalski and His "African Circus"<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkpAhyphenhyphenBdFr7EYLvsn7kSeRIW_V6iCcJHTZigw3zEz5oyZstB52_qzKw85NOAKK_-gdm2LdoQe7jftU2w8p0NQh9-gdLgBU8x6uV0aDDdXUrChn1du-udvmPHhBkFCSa6RchNaG2KeYxV4p/s1600/Skalski.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjkpAhyphenhyphenBdFr7EYLvsn7kSeRIW_V6iCcJHTZigw3zEz5oyZstB52_qzKw85NOAKK_-gdm2LdoQe7jftU2w8p0NQh9-gdLgBU8x6uV0aDDdXUrChn1du-udvmPHhBkFCSa6RchNaG2KeYxV4p/s1600/Skalski.JPG" height="270" width="400" /></a></div>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="line number"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="endnote reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="table of authorities"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="macro"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Wg Cdr Skalski with Air Mshl Coningham (pictured left) and General
Kazimierz Sosnkowski (pictured right).</i></b></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
Stanislaw Skalski was born on 27 October 1915 in the country
village of Kodyma. Completing Pilot Training School in 1938, Stanislaw was
ordered to the 142nd Fighter Squadron in Torun. On 1 September 1939 he downed a
German Hs 126 reconnaissance aircraft at 5:32 a.m (after his own interview's
relation). A note of interest - - if Wladyslaw Gnys had not destroyed two
Do-17s at 5:30 a.m. (as some sources claim), but instead at 7:00 a.m. (as Gnys
himself reported), this would mean, that Skalski scored the FIRST victory of
WWII! In September 1939, Skalski reached "ace status", by personally
downing 6 German aircraft (1 Ju 86, 2 Do 17, 1 Ju 87, 2 Hs 126), plus 1 Hs 126
shared with another pilot. Furthermore, he damaged another three planes (1 Bf
109, 1 Hs 126, 1 Ju 87). Skalski flew his last sortie with his P-11c on 16
September. The next day he fled the country, as did several other Polish
pilots, to Rumania, and from there to fight in France and England.</div>
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On 12 August 1940, 2/Lt Skalski joined 501st Squadron RAF
(commander S/Ldr H.A.V. Hogan) and took part in the "Battle of
Britain". Stanislaw Skalski's part in the combat of 5 September 1940, was
very dramatic. Early in the morning, 501 Squadron took off to attack a large
group of German aircraft. In first attack Skalski managed to hit a He 111
bomber, and set its right engine on fire. Following this, the Polish pilot shot
down one of the escorting Bf 109s. The pilot of the Bf 109 bailed out. A few
minutes later, as Skalski flew alone at 8000 meters altitude, he made a
surprise attack on another Messerschmitt. With success! But in turning to his
map to note the area of the victory, his own aircraft was hit by a well-aimed
burst of fire. The shells slammed into the fuel tanks and the
"Hurricane" immediately caught fire. Skalski bailed out from his
diving fighter and parachuted to the ground. Severe burns kept him in a
hospital for six weeks. During the Battle of Britain, Skalski shot down a total
of six German planes.</div>
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Following the combat death of Capt. Ozyra on 29 April 1942
(in the same battle, Maj. Marian Pisarek was also killed), Capt. Skalski was
given the command of the Polish 317 Squadron for five months. On 1 October 1942
317 Sqn was given a new commander, Capt. Zbigniew Czajkowski, and Skalski's
African career began.</div>
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The Polish Fighting Team (PFT), popularly called
"Skalski's Circus", was made up of the best Polish fighter pilots.
All fifteen of them volunteered and Capt. Stanislaw Skalski was their
commander. After a month’s transition, the Polish pilots arrived at Bu Grara
airfield (250 km west of Tripoli) on 13 March 1943. They at first became part
of 145 RAF Squadron (commanded by S/Ldr Lance Wade) as the "C"
Flight. The call code of 145 Squadron was "ZX" and the aircraft of
the Polish Flight received the individual code numbers "1" to
"9".</div>
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Operational duty for the PFT began 17 March 1943. The first
combat missions were in "Spitfire" Mk Vc trop fighters, but after a
week the unit was re-equipped with new "Spitfire" Mk IX (while other
flights of the 145th still flew the Mk V!). On 28 March 1943, the PFT drew its first
blood. The flight led by Skalski encountered a group of Ju 88's escorted by Bf
109Gs of II./JG 77. No fighter planes were shot down on either side, but
Skalski and Lt. Horbaczewski claimed killings of two Ju 88s.</div>
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On 2 April 1943, four Polish "Spitfire" pilots
from 145 Squadron attacked 16 Bf 109s of II./JG 77 and claimed three
Messerschmitt 109s shot down, one of them by Skalski. The record of II./JG 77
'Herzas' shows: the Bf 109s attacked a formation of Douglas Bostons escorted by
"Spitfires", and Feldwebel Alexander Preinfalk claimed one Boston
shot down (his 64th victory). Oberleutnant Heinz Dudeck's Bf 109 G-6 was the
only German loss. Dudeck belly-landed and escaped the wreck unhurt. He was
taken care of by some local Tunisians who fed him milk and ten raw eggs! On the
Polish side the "Spitfire" piloted by Lt. Arct was damaged, but he
was able return to base.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Two days later, the Polish fighters attacked a group of Ju
88s accompanied by Bf 109s. The German escort prevented them from attacking the
bombers, but Skalski and Capt. Krol each downed one Bf 109. Lt. Martel claimed
one 109 damaged. Next day, Lt. Horbaczewski scored a single Bf 109, but his
"Spitfire" was heavily damaged on the mission. On the afternoon of 6
April, Lt. Sporny and Sgt. Malinowski destroyed two Bf 109s.</div>
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On 18 April 1943, the Polish Team of 145 Sqn ('C' Flight)
sustained its only loss, as F/Lt Wyszkowski, lagging behind a formation, was
bounced from the sun by a Messerschmitt Bf 109 - Rotte of 7./JG 53 'Pik As'.
Unteroffizier Georg Amon shot down the "Spitfire". Wyszkowski
crash-landed in enemy territory and was taken prisoner by the Germans. This was
AmonŤs first victory. Two months later (on 25 June 1943, vividly accounted in
Johannes Steinhoff's book 'Die Strasse von Messina'), when JG 53 was based in
Sicily, the Luftwaffe's Fighter General Adolf Galland (visiting Sicily at that
time) personally ordered Amon to be court-martialled for 'cowardness'; Galland
claimed that Amon had deliberately turned away from combat to avoid
confrontation with B-17s. However, the general confusion on Sicily at that time
saved Amon from the court-martial. With a total of nine victories, Amon was
shot down by AA over Germany on 2 April 1945 and was taken prisoner by the
Allies.</div>
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On 20 April 1943, the "Spitfires" of 145 Squadron
made a surprise attack on a mixed formation of German and Italian fighters and
claimed to have shot down nine, of which the Polish pilots claimed three Bf
109s and three Macchi Mc-202 "Folgores". That day, I. and II./JG 53
'Pik As' lost a total of five Bf 109 Gs in aerial combat. At least one -
piloted by Leutnant Rolf Schlegel - was shot down by Spitfires.</div>
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<br /></div>
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On 22 April 1943, the entire 244 Fighter Wing with 145
Squadron acting as top cover attacked a formation of six-engine Me 323 Gigant
of TG 5 escorted by Italian fighters and the Messerschmitt 109s of JG 27, JG 53
and JG 77. The P-40s of 7 Wing, SAAF, also took part in the attack, claiming
the destruction of 31 Me 323s! Transportgeschwader 5 lost sixteen Me 323s. The
Polish fighter pilots, led by F/Lt. Pniak, engaged the escort and claimed five
Bf 109s and one Mc-202 shot down. In II./JG 27, three Bf 109s were lost:
Leutnant Schlechter was shot down over sea and was saved by air-sea rescue,
while Feldwebel Rudolf Lenz and Unteroffizier Heinz Golletz were missing. The
only claims by II./JG 27 were made by Leutnant Schneider - two P-40s (his first
and only victories in the war). JG 53 'Pik As' had one Bf 109 shot down:
Leutnant Friedrich Fiebig of 6. Staffel bailed out with injuries. I./JG 77 'Herzas'
suffered no losses, while one of its pilots - Leutnant Heinz-Edgar Berres
claimed one "Spitfire" (his 43rd victory).</div>
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On 6 May 1943, "Skalski Circus" fought its last
aerial combat. On this occasion, Skalski and Sgt. Sztramko downed 2 Bf 109s. On
13 May 1943 the war in Africa was over. During two months, the Polish pilots
had shot down a total of 26 German and Italian planes. Capt. Skalski scored 4
aircraft, but the most successful of the unit had been Lt. Eugeniusz
Horbaczewski been, with 5 confirmed victories.</div>
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<br /></div>
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After the Flight was disbanded, Capt. Skalski did not leave
this theatre of war. As commander of 601 Squadron RAF "County of
London", he took part in the invasions of Sicily and Italy. He returned to
England in the end of 1943.</div>
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<br /></div>
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During period 13 December 1943 - 3 April 1944, Major Skalski
commanded the 131 Fighter Wing (Polish Squadrons: 302nd, 308th, 317th, till
October 15th, 1944 - Ist Polish Fighter Wing). On 4 April 1944 (remaining in
this position until 3 August 1944) he was appointed commander of the other
Polish Fighter Wing - the 133th (Polish Squadrons: 306th, 315th and British
129th). On 24 June 1944 Skalski, leaded the whole Wing, scored two air
victories in a battle over Rouen. Altogether, Polish fighters claimed 6-1-4 enemy
planes in this action, but unfortunately they lost Sgt. Adamiak from the 315th
Squadron, when his "Mustang", FZ157, crashed in the St. Croix/Beaux
area (north-west of Dreux).</div>
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<br /></div>
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Stanislaw Skalski was the most successful Polish ace of WW
II, with a record of 22 confirmed victories, 1 probable, and 1 damaged enemy
aircraft. Three times he was awarded the British DFC, and he received many
other medals. Following his return to Poland after the war, he was imprisoned
by the Communist regime in 1949, on a charge of espionage for the West. He
spent 6 long years in a jail, waiting for execution. That was his
"reward" from the communists, a fate he shared with many other Polish
soldiers returning from the West for their heroic and sacrificing duty. In
1956, Skalski was finally released from prison.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-68690276901625617952015-03-25T20:47:00.001+08:002015-03-25T20:47:33.875+08:00The Assault on Levita<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
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The survivors of the enemy convoy sunk on 7 October were
landed on Stampalia, where the LRDG had M2 patrol. A small naval craft (the
Hedgehog) dispatched from Leros to bring back ten prisoners of war for
interrogation, called with engine trouble at Levita, about twenty miles to the
west of Calino. A party sent by motor launch to the assistance of the Hedgehog
found only a smoldering wreck and was fired on from the island. As the
possession of Levita was considered essential to the Navy, and as it would be
useful as an observation post, the commander of 234 Brigade ordered the LRDG to
capture the island. Major Guild and Captain Tinker urged that a reconnaissance
should be made before the assault force was landed, but permission to do this
was not granted.</div>
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It was decided to attack with forty-eight men under the
command of Captain J. R. Olivey, the force including twenty-two from A Squadron
under Lieutenant J. M. Sutherland, and the remainder coming from B Squadron.
Sutherland's patrol (R2), was withdrawn from the coastal battery on Mount
Scumbardo, in southern Leros, and was joined by a few men from R1 and T2
patrols. The B Squadron party included Y2 and part of S1 patrol. In case the
enemy should be occupying both ends of Levita, B Squadron was to land to the
west of the port, which is on the south coast, and A Squadron to the east. The
objective was to reach the high, central ground over- looking the port.</div>
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The landings were to be made from two motor launches in
small, canvas boats, but as these had been punctured in air attacks, the troops
had to patch them with sticking-plaster before they could practice rowing in
them. The force had four infantry wireless sets for inter-communication between
the two parties and with the launches, and a larger set for communication with
Leros. When they were about to leave at dusk on 23 October, however, it was
discovered that the A Squadron set had not been netted in with the others.</div>
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Most of the men were violently seasick before they reached
Levita. It took A Squadron a long time to float the canvas boats from the
tossing launch, but they eventually got away and landed on a very rugged coast,
where the men rescued as much of their gear as they could from the rocks and
dragged it up a cliff face. Sutherland told his wireless operator to try to get
in touch with Olivey, but at no stage was he able to do so.</div>
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After disembarking the two parties, the motor launches were
to shell a house thought to be occupied by the enemy in the center of the
island. Instead of shelling this building, however, they concentrated on an old
hut on a ridge in front of A Squadron. When the shellfire ceased, Suther-
land's party moved towards the ridge and discovered nearby the burnt-out hull
of the Hedgehog. They then came under machine-gun fire from the rear,
presumably from somewhere near their landing place. This kept them pinned down
on bare ground until they were able to get together and rush the gun position,
which they captured with a dozen prisoners. Trooper H. L. Mallett was severely
wounded and died despite the efforts of the medical orderly (Private B.
Steedman) to save him.</div>
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Although they again came under machine-gun fire, A Squadron
continued to advance and secured the ridge before daylight. They flushed the
enemy out of the hut, but did not occupy it because it was in a vulnerable
position. Trooper A. J. Penhall was mortally wounded, but Trooper R. G. Haddow,
although severely wounded in the stomach, recovered as a prisoner of war.
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At the first streaks of daylight, three or four seaplanes
began to take off from the Levita harbor. The New Zealanders, who overlooked
the harbor from the ridge, opened fire, and for a moment it seemed that Trooper
L. G. Doel had put one seaplane out of action with his Bren gun, but it moved
out of range and took off after some delay. When the seaplanes came overhead
and began to strafe, the men returned the fire, but as their bullets only
bounced off harmlessly they decided not to waste ammunition.</div>
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Having met no resistance on landing, B Squadron was within
500 yards of the enemy head- quarters by dawn and could hear fighting on the
other side of the island. Had Sutherland been able to make contact with Olivey
by wireless, he would have advised him of his position, and B Squad- ron could
have gone ahead without fear of firing on A Squadron. The Germans, who received
reinforcements during the day, isolated the New Zealanders on the ridge with
air attacks and machine-gun and mortar fire, while they encircled and captured
most of the B Squadron party.</div>
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Having disposed of B Squadron, the enemy was then able to
employ his full strength against A Squadron, which was holding three positions
on the ridge. Sutherland had with him the wireless operator, the medical
orderly, the wounded, three or four other men, and the German prisoners.
Sergeant E. J. Dobson was in charge of a party in a central position, armed
with a Bren gun, a Tommy gun, and some rifles, and farther away on high ground,
Corporal J. E. Gill had the third party. Trooper J. T. Bowler, who went down to
the landing place for water, and a man who attempted to deliver a message from
Gill to Sutherland, were not seen again and were presumed to have been killed.
The enemy eventually overwhelmed Sutherland's force, but Gill and three men
avoided capture for four days by hiding among some rocks. They were unable to
attract the attention of a launch that circled the island and, as they were
without food and water, had to give themselves up to the enemy.</div>
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With instructions to evacuate the force from Levita, the
commanding officer of the LRDG (Lieutenant-Colonel Easonsmith)* arrived by
launch during the night 2425 October, but found only Captain Olivey, the
medical officer (Captain Lawson), and seven men of B Squadron at the
rendezvous. Olivey returned with Major Guild the following night to search for
the missing men, but found nobody. The LRDG lost forty men on Levita.</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-19118556328184250352015-03-23T13:31:00.001+08:002015-03-23T13:31:09.914+08:00Marder III in Africa<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW1YBlj1P035eg2xpHEWNJeGYekgaAg9NLgrNht8nWVr7ppHX5VOgX-dNCQumWQ_orlQKouaYJJpCiNC6rPU8qlUpDpmA6DSqOUSNHKVKHRJa4uk0_0CUUD4aws0qMUPVi8PKDkMplkGt0/s1600/a9u77s.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiW1YBlj1P035eg2xpHEWNJeGYekgaAg9NLgrNht8nWVr7ppHX5VOgX-dNCQumWQ_orlQKouaYJJpCiNC6rPU8qlUpDpmA6DSqOUSNHKVKHRJa4uk0_0CUUD4aws0qMUPVi8PKDkMplkGt0/s1600/a9u77s.jpg" height="248" width="400" /></a></div>
From around May 1942 a small number of
Marder IIIs were brought into the desert. This was the version with a
Russian 76.2mm gun on a Panzer 38t chassis. These increased in numbers.<br /><br />There
were about 60-66 shipped in total, in theory 30 each to the 2 PzJgr
Abts (33 & 39) in the 2 Panzer Divisions (3 companies of 9 + 1 HQ)
and 6 for the PzA Afrika Kamfstaffel (Army HQ Defence Group). The latter
got the first 6 vehicles that arrived at start of Gazala (May 1942).
However as all the rest did not arrive together (i.e. they shipped from
about July 1942 to November 1942) it's unlikely either Abt got enough to
get to full strength at any one time...<br /><br />Some sources suggest
that some Marders also went to PzJgr 605 when were serving with 90th
Light Division at the time, but I have not seen anything conclusive and
believe this is erroneous as there are no references to Marder IIIs with
90th Light.<br /><br />By El Alamein, there were probably Marder IIIs.<br /><br />At
the Second Battle of Alamein the estimate would be 4-6 Dianas and 6-12
PzJgr I's (as above), plus about 40 Marder III's. There were definitely
as least 3 Marder III's still in the PzArmee Afrika Kampfstaffel, as
they served alongside the 5-6 captured Stuart Tanks in that unit.Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1518171426610705193.post-131113390483791012015-03-22T15:59:00.000+08:002015-03-22T15:59:03.677+08:007.62cm FK36(r) auf Panzerjager Selbstfahrlafette Zugkraftwagen 5t (Sd Kfz 6) - Diana<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Bullet 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Number 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Closing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="List Continue 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Message Header"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Salutation"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Date"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text First Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Note Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Body Text Indent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Block Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Hyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="FollowedHyperlink"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Document Map"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Plain Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="E-mail Signature"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Top of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Bottom of Form"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal (Web)"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Acronym"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Address"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Cite"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Code"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Definition"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Keyboard"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Preformatted"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Sample"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Typewriter"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="HTML Variable"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Normal Table"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="annotation subject"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="No List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Outline List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Simple 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Classic 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Colorful 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Columns 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Grid 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table List 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table 3D effects 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Contemporary"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Elegant"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Professional"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Subtle 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Web 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Balloon Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true"
Name="Table Theme"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" QFormat="true"
Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" QFormat="true"
Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" QFormat="true"
Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" SemiHidden="true"
UnhideWhenUsed="true" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="41" Name="Plain Table 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="42" Name="Plain Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="43" Name="Plain Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="44" Name="Plain Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="45" Name="Plain Table 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="40" Name="Grid Table Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="Grid Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="Grid Table 1 Light Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="Grid Table 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="Grid Table 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="Grid Table 4 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="Grid Table 5 Dark Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="Grid Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="Grid Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51"
Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52"
Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46"
Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 2"/>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
Surprisingly enough, the SdKfz 6 was modified only slightly
during its service career. Most were produced as standard tractors with seating
for the artillery detachment that could be covered by a canvas tilt, but there
were also three weapon-carrier variants. The first was the 7.5-cm Slf L/40.8 and
never really got past the prototype stage; it was an attempt to produce a
mobile 7.5-cm (2.95-in) gun for use with cavalry units, and at least three
prototypes were produced between 1934 and 1935. The type was never placed in
production, but at least one was captured during the fighting in North Africa.
Then there was the model known as the 'Diana' or 7.62-cm Pak 36(r) auf
Panzerjäger Slf Zugkraftwagen 5t, an attempt to mount captured Soviet 76.2-mm
(3-in) guns in a high armoured superstructure built onto the rear of an SdKfz
6. This superstructure was open and rather high and the gun was placed on the
vehicle complete with its wheels and attenuated trails. The gun was the Soviet
Model 1936 which was used as a dual anti-tank/field gun. Only nine were produced
and again one was captured in North Africa by the Allies. The third SdKfz 6
weapon-carrier was the SdKfz 6/2, which mounted a 3.7-cm (1.456-in) Flak 36
anti-aircraft gun on an open platform behind the driver's position; the sides
folded down to act as a working platform for the gun crew. The first of these
variants was produced during 1937 and most of them went to the Luftwaffe. They
had a crew of seven and were widely used.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
During the initial phases of operation Barbarossa, the
Germans captured huge numbers of the Russian 76.2mm M1936 field gun. Designated
7.62cm FK36(r) or FK296(r) by the Germans, it was issued in large numbers to
Panzerjager detachments, unmodified and using Russian ammunition. In late 1941,
an attempt was made to self-propel this heavy anti-tank gun, by mounting it in
an armoured box on the rear of a five ton semi-track. Nine such conversions
were sent to Africa.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Served with the 605th Panzerjagerabteilung in North Africa.
Six guns were delivered in January, and three in February 1942. They were
prominent in the battle of Gazala in May/June 1942. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
The Germans started with Panzerjager Is, 47mm Czech guns on
Pz I chassis.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
These equipped the self-propelled gun companies in the 605th
Panzerjager. In late 1941 through to May 1942 a total of 9 "Dianas"
were supplied. These were captured Russian 76.2 guns mounted on an Sdkfz 6
half-track, with a thin armoured box enclosing the chassis. There were a very
small number of experimental Self-Propelled 75mm Panzerjagers but these mostly
broke down. From around May 1942 a small number of Marder IIIs were brought
into the desert. This was the version with a Russian 76.2mm gun on a Panzer 38t
chassis. These increased in numbers.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
By Alamein, there were probably Marder IIIs, the remaining
Diana's were captured after the battle so possibly 1 or 2 were around.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
605th PzJgr Abt and in theory a Platoon of 3 went to each of
the 3 companies (officially it was supposed to be 1 coy of Dianas and 2 coys of
PzJgr Ib's). The Companies were originally 1 HQ Pz.I and 3 Platoons of 3 PzJgr
Ib each, but by Gazala<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>only about 18-20
of the PzJgrs remained and none of the Pz.I's. As the Diana's arrived they
reinforced each company in turn, although 1 source suggested they did end up
consolidated in a single company. By 2nd Alamein there were still about 6
Dianas and 12 PzJgr Ib's operational.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Note that the Diana was not like the Marder III, it had a
standard Russian 76.2mm field Gun installed, not the modified/rebored one that
fired PaK40 type ammo at a higher velocity... it's fire power was therefore
about the same as (or a little better than) the US 75mm in the Grant...</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Chassis Nos.: 3001-3617 9 converted in late 1941</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Crew: 5</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Engine: Maybach HL54TUKRM</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Weight (tons): 10.5</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Gearbox: 4 x 2 forward, 1 x 2 reverse</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Length (metres): 6.33</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Width (metres): 2.26</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Speed (km/hr): 50</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Height (metres): 2.98</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Range (km): 317</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Armament: One 7.62cm FK36 (r) L/51.5</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Traverse: 30° left 30° right (hand)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Ammunition: 7.62cm pzgr 39, pzgr 40, Spgr 39</div>
Mitch Williamsonhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14692138354674511017noreply@blogger.com0